生育约束型直播水稻生育特征与稳产关键技术

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.002

Abstract

Abstract:

With the decrease of high-quality labor in rural areas, the rising of labor cost and the development of large-scale production, direct seeding as a simplified rice planting technology was widely used continuously. Therefore, the promotion of its stable or increased yielding was of great significance in ensuring food security in this country. According to the growth characteristics of direct seeding rice in multiple cropping area of South China, a concept of growth constrained direct seeding rice was put forward. In other words, the rice emergence and seedling growth under direct seeding were significantly imitated and affected by multiple adversities, which were caused by 100% returning the previous crop straw to the field and lower quality of ploughing and sowing in short crop rotation time. And the rice later sowing date under direct seeding method than transplanting rice shortened the plant growth duration, reduced the utilization of temperature and light resources, and imitated the rice growth, as affected by the previous crop. Thus the yield of direct seeding rice was not high and instable. For now, this kind of growth constrained direct seeding rice was widely used in production and restricted the balanced production increase in large area. Therefore, the stable yield cultivation methods of growth constrained direct seeding rice were explored in this paper. The comparison experiments were carried out with a representative japonica rice variety in consideration of more panicles and more grains in Jiangsu, and the treatments of 1.2 million, 2.4 million and 3.6 million basic seedlings per hectare, under representative simplified cultivation and sowing methods on a large scale. With the basic seedlings treatments, three cultivation ways of growth constrained direct seeding rice were formed respectively, including panicles formed with more tillers, panicles formed with both stems and tillers, and panicles formed with more stems in the experiment. The characteristics of photosynthetic matter production, yield and quality of different types of rice were systematically analyzed. “The basic seedlings of rice should be increased appropriately to increase the ratio of main stem to panicle and produce more spikelets with sufficient main stem, and then the dry matter in middle and late growth duration would be produced and accumulated more and more” was tentatively believed as an effective cultivation way for stable yield, high quality and efficiency of growth constrained direct seeding rice. The key techniques of stable yield cultivation and reasonable development suggestions of growth constrained direct seeding rice were also introduced in this paper.

Key words: rice, direct seeding, growth constrained, growth characteristics, key techniques

ZHANG HongCheng,XING ZhiPeng,WENG WenAn,TIAN JinYu,TAO Yu,CHENG Shuang,HU Qun,HU YaJie,GUO BaoWei,WEI HaiYan. Growth Characteristics and Key Techniques for Stable Yield of Growth Constrained Direct Seeding Rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1322-1337.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Effects of planting methods on some agronomic indexes of rice"

参数 Parameter		常规粳稻JCR		籼粳杂交稻JIHR		杂交籼稻IHR
参数 Parameter		机插 MT	直播 DS	机插 MT	直播 DS	机插 MT	直播 DS
剑叶 Flag leaf	长Length (cm)	25.3a	22.5a	39.9a	36.7b	45.8a	42.1b
	比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg·cm^-2)	4.9a	4.8a	5.1a	5.0a	4.8a	4.6a
	叶基角Leaf basal angle (°)	5.6b	7.2a	6.5b	8.4a	4.9b	5.7a
	披垂度Leaf drooping angle (°)	5.4a	6.3a	6.8a	7.7a	10.6b	11.5a
倒二叶 Penultimate leaf	长Length (cm)	38.0a	35.2b	48.5a	45.5b	60.8a	56.9b
	比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg·cm^-2)	5.0a	4.9a	5.2a	5.1b	4.8a	4.8a
	叶基角Leaf basal angle (°)	12.7a	12.6a	12.7b	14.2a	13.5b	14.5a
	披垂度Leaf drooping angle (°)	8.1b	9.9a	9.8b	11.4a	15.6a	16.1a
倒三叶 Antepenultimate leaf	长Length (cm)	33.4a	31.1b	45.5a	42.6b	57.0a	55.6b
	比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg·cm^-2)	4.8a	4.7a	5.0a	4.9a	4.8a	4.7a
	叶基角Leaf basal angle (°)	12.5b	14.9a	16.6b	18.8a	20.5b	23.7a
	披垂度Leaf drooping angle (°)	7.9b	10.6a	10.3b	13.4a	21.3b	23.2a
基部第1节间 First internode	长Length (cm)	2.5b	3.1a	2.3a	2.9a	2.8b	3.2a
基部第1节间 First internode	粗Diameter (cm)	0.624a	0.600a	0.829a	0.796b	0.822a	0.801a
基部第2节间 Second internode	长Length (cm)	6.2b	6.7a	6.3a	6.6a	7.9a	8.3a
基部第2节间 Second internode	粗Diameter (cm)	0.510a	0.481a	0.699a	0.679b	0.713a	0.684b
基部第3节间 Third internode	长Length (cm)	10.7a	11.2a	12.4a	12.9a	12.1a	12.5a
基部第3节间 Third internode	粗Diameter (cm)	0.438a	0.407b	0.621a	0.600a	0.617a	0.582b
穗长Panicle length (cm)		15.3a	14.5b	20.1a	18.7b	23.5a	21.8b
株高Plant Height (cm)		96.1a	92.1b	109.1a	106.1a	116.9a	110.9b
穗粒数Spikelets per panicle		125.8a	111.5b	214.1a	188.4b	165.4a	147.9b
穗重Panicle weight (g)		3.2a	2.8b	4.8a	4.1b	3.7a	3.2b
相对重心高Relative gravity center height (%)		45.1b	46.3a	51.6a	52.5a	48.9a	50.0b
单茎茎鞘重 Dry weight per stem plus sheath	抽穗期Heading (g)	1.80a	1.63b	2.67a	2.34b	2.31a	2.07b
	乳熟期Milky stage (g)	1.45a	1.33b	2.05a	1.85b	1.83a	1.70b
	成熟期Maturity (g)	1.59a	1.43b	2.41a	2.09b	1.98a	1.77b

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Fig. 2

Table 8

Fig. 3

Table 9

Table 1

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生态区 Ecological area	品种类型 Variety type	种植方式 Planting method	播种期 Sowing (M-D)	拔节期 Jointing (M-D)	抽穗期 Heading (M-D)	成熟期 Maturity (M-D)
兴化 Xinghua	常规粳稻JCR	机插 MT	05-28	07-31	09-06	10-26
	常规粳稻JCR	直播 DS	06-13	08-05	09-10	10-30
	籼粳杂交稻JIHR	机插 MT	05-28	07-27	09-02	10-24
	籼粳杂交稻JIHR	直播 DS	06-13	08-01	09-07	10-28
	杂交籼稻IHR	机插 MT	05-28	08-01	09-10	10-23
	杂交籼稻IHR	直播 DS	06-13	08-09	09-19	11-02
盐城 Yancheng	杂交粳稻JHR	机插 MT	05-29	07-26	08-20	10-17
	杂交粳稻JHR	直播 DS	06-28	08-08	09-19	10-28
	常规粳稻JCR	机插 MT	05-29	07-30	08-30	10-17
	常规粳稻JCR	直播 DS	06-28	08-15	09-10	10-24
东海 Donghai	常规粳稻JCR	机插 MT	05-31	08-15	09-02	10-31
东海 Donghai	常规粳稻JCR	直播 DS	06-15	08-20	09-07	11-04

品种类型 Variety type	种植方式 Planting method	营养生长期Vegetative		生殖生长期Reproductive		灌浆结实期Grain filling
品种类型 Variety type	种植方式 Planting method	有效积温 EAT (℃·d)	太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m^-2)	有效积温 EAT (℃·d)	太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m^-2)	有效积温 EAT (℃·d)	太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m^-2)
常规粳稻 JCR	机插 MT	970a	1256a	544a	620a	516a	878a
常规粳稻 JCR	直播 DS	836b	992b	516a	583a	476a	841a
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR	机插 MT	903a	1177a	556a	623a	549a	910a
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR	直播 DS	761b	903b	540a	621a	506a	864a
杂交籼稻 IHR	机插 MT	867a	1288a	492a	655a	345a	759a
杂交籼稻 IHR	直播 DS	794b	1063b	458a	636a	307b	740a

品种类型 Variety type	种植方式 Planting method	基本苗 Basic seedlings （×10⁴ hm^-2）	拔节期 Jointing （×10⁴ hm^-2）	抽穗期 Heading （×10⁴ hm^-2）	成熟期 Maturity （×10⁴ hm^-2）	成穗率 Percentage of productive tiller (%)
常规粳稻 JCR	机插 MT	75.8	473.9b	366.6b	356.8b	75.3a
常规粳稻 JCR	直播 DS	90.0	519.0a	385.0a	366.5a	70.6b
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR	机插 MT	50.5	329.9b	254.8b	248.2b	75.3a
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR	直播 DS	60.0	359.7a	266.3a	254.5a	70.8b
杂交籼稻 IHR	机插 MT	50.5	380.2b	282.8b	276.1b	72.7a
杂交籼稻 IHR	直播 DS	60.0	413.4a	296.7a	283.3a	68.5b

试验点 Test site	种植方式 Planting method	早熟晚粳 EMLJ (t·hm^-2)	迟熟中粳 LMMJ (t·hm^-2)	中熟中粳 MMMJ (t·hm^-2)	常规粳稻 JCR (t·hm^-2)	籼粳杂交稻 JIHR (t·hm^-2)	杂交籼稻 IHR (t·hm^-2)
常熟 Changshu	机插MT	10.5a	10.2a
常熟 Changshu	直播DS	9.6b	9.3b
姜堰 Jiangyan	机插MT	10.6a	10.4a
姜堰 Jiangyan	直播DS	9.5b	9.4b
兴化 Xinghua	机插MT	10.7a	10.5a	10.4a	11.3a	11.8a	10.2a
兴化 Xinghua	直播DS	9.5b	9.5b	9.5b	10.2b	10.4b	9.1b
东海 Donghai	机插MT			10.2a	10.7a
东海 Donghai	直播DS			8.4b	9.8b

方式 Methods	基本苗 Basic seedling (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗数 Panicles (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	群体颖花量 Spikelets (×10⁴ hm^-2)	结实率 Ripened grains (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	实产 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)
方式 Methods	基本苗 Basic seedling (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗数 Panicles (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	群体颖花量 Spikelets (×10⁴ hm^-2)	结实率 Ripened grains (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	2017	2018
水直播 Water direct- seeding	120	307.8c	128.8a	39638.0c	91.7a	26.59a	9.2b	9.5b
	240	368.3b	120.2b	44246.8a	91.3a	26.54a	10.2a	10.4a
	360	401.5a	104.8c	42079.4b	90.2a	26.46a	9.5b	9.7b
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding	120	297.4c	119.6a	35554.5c	94.0a	26.92a	8.7b	8.8c
	240	353.8b	114.0b	40321.6a	93.7a	26.86a	9.7a	9.9a
	360	382.2a	101.3c	38706.2b	93.7a	26.84a	9.4a	9.2b

Growth Characteristics and Key Techniques for Stable Yield of Growth Constrained Direct Seeding Rice

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方式 Methods	基本苗 Basic seedling (×10⁴ hm^-2)	叶面积指数 Leaf area index			颖花数/叶面积 Spikelets/Leaf (cm^-2)	实粒数/叶面积 Grains/Leaf (cm^-2)	粒重/叶面积 Grain weight/Leaf (mg·cm^-2)
方式 Methods	基本苗 Basic seedling (×10⁴ hm^-2)	拔节期 Elongation stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Maturity	颖花数/叶面积 Spikelets/Leaf (cm^-2)	实粒数/叶面积 Grains/Leaf (cm^-2)	粒重/叶面积 Grain weight/Leaf (mg·cm^-2)
水直播 Water direct- seeding	120	3.76b	6.85b	3.89b	0.578b	0.531b	13.44ab
	240	4.05ab	7.36a	4.36a	0.601a	0.549a	13.92a
	360	4.49a	7.26a	4.13a	0.579b	0.522b	13.14b
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding	120	3.22b	6.65b	3.54b	0.535b	0.503b	13.04b
	240	3.56ab	7.24a	3.96a	0.557a	0.522a	13.44a
	360	3.86a	7.17a	3.74a	0.540b	0.506b	13.09b

方式 Method	基本苗 Basic seedling (×10⁴ hm^-2)	拔节期 Elongation stage (t·hm^-2)	抽穗期 Heading stage (t·hm^-2)	成熟期 Maturity (t·hm^-2)	拔节至抽穗期 Elongation to heading stage		抽穗至成熟期 Heading to maturity
方式 Method	基本苗 Basic seedling (×10⁴ hm^-2)	拔节期 Elongation stage (t·hm^-2)	抽穗期 Heading stage (t·hm^-2)	成熟期 Maturity (t·hm^-2)	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)
水直播 Water direct- seeding	120	3.69b	9.98b	15.64b	6.28b	40.2a	5.66b	36.2b
	240	4.08ab	10.62a	17.06a	6.54a	38.4b	6.43a	37.7a
	360	4.28a	10.82a	17.09a	6.53a	38.2b	6.27a	36.7b
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding	120	3.57b	9.61b	15.09b	6.05b	40.1a	5.48b	36.3b
	240	4.01ab	10.56a	16.71a	6.55a	39.2ab	6.15a	36.8a
	360	4.18a	10.66a	16.66a	6.48a	38.9b	6.01a	36.0b

方式 Methods	基本苗 Basic seedling (×10⁴ hm^-2)	整精米率 Head rice (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose (%)	胶稠度 Gel consistency (mm)	蛋白质含量 Protein (%)
水直播 Water direct-seeding	120	70.25a	3.5a	15.0a	74a	9.3a
	240	69.82a	3.6a	14.7ab	75a	9.3a
	360	69.34a	3.8a	14.4b	76a	9.4a
旱直播 Dry direct-seeding	120	67.85a	3.9b	14.6a	73a	9.7a
	240	67.14a	4.2ab	14.3a	73a	9.8a
	360	66.75a	4.4a	14.2a	74a	9.8a

方式 Methods	基本苗 Basic seedling (×10⁴ hm^-2)	峰值黏度 Peak viscosity (cP)	热浆黏度 Trough viscosity (cP)	最终黏度 Final viscosity (cP)	崩解值 Breakdown (cP)	消减值 Setback (cP)	回复值 Consistence (cP)	糊化温度 Gelatinization point (℃)
水直播 Water direct- seeding	120	2242a	1230a	2256b	1012a	14c	1025b	82.6a
	240	2205ab	1202b	2277ab	1003a	72b	1075ab	83.6a
	360	2157b	1205b	2303a	952b	146a	1098a	82.5a
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding	120	2194a	1352a	2242b	842a	48c	890b	88.6a
	240	2089ab	1327b	2244b	762b	155b	917a	89.1a
	360	2044b	1325b	2261a	719c	217a	935a	89.1a

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