我国玉米籽粒的菌群构成及优势镰孢菌产毒能力分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.21.007

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the composition, regional distribution characteristics, and annual succession patterns of pathogens in maize kernels from major maize-producing areas in China, systematically analyze the toxigenic capacity of dominant pathogens, and to provide scientific basis and data support for the control of mycotoxin contamination and the quality and safety assurance of maize during storage. 【Method】From 2022 to 2025, maize kernel samples were continuously collected from 41 regions across 14 provinces (autonomous regions) in China for four consecutive years, and pathogens were isolated and purified. Morphological and molecular biological methods were used to identify the contaminant fungi. The pathogen species and isolation frequency were counted to analyze their distribution characteristics and dynamic changes. The toxigenic capacity of Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum was determined, and the differences in toxigenic capacity of the two species among different maize-producing areas were analyzed and compared. 【Result】A total of 5 885 fungal strains were isolated, predominantly including Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma spp., A. flavus, and other fungi. Their corresponding isolation frequencies were 67.82%, 17.72%, 7.31%, 2.97%, 2.70%, and 1.48%, respectively. Among them, Fusarium spp. had the highest isolation frequency. Within the genus Fusarium, F. verticillioides was the predominant species. A total of 3 061 strains were isolated during the four-year investigation, accounting for 52.01% of the total strains. This was followed by F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and F. oxysporum, with isolation frequencies of 11.03%, 3.14%, and 1.58%, respectively. F. culmorum was only detected in 2022 (3 strains). Among molds, Penicillium spp. and A. niger were the main contaminants, with isolation frequencies of 17.72% and 7.31%, respectively. The toxigenic capacity of the isolated F. verticillioides and F. graminearum were determined. The results showed that the FB₁ production of F. verticillioides ranged from 0.07 to 4 916.92 μg·g^-1, and FB₂ranged from 0.02 to 5 573.14 μg·g^-1. Significant differences in toxigenic capacity were observed among strains from different production areas. Strains isolated from the Huang-Huai-Hai maize-producing area exhibited higher toxigenic capacity, with the maximum FB₁ and FB₂ production levels reaching 4 916.92 and 5 573.14 μg·g^-1, respectively. The Northeast maize-producing area ranked second, with maximum FB₁ and FB₂ production levels of 2 070.29 and 468.51 μg·g^-1. By contrast, the Northwest maize-producing area showed overall lower toxigenic capacity, with a concentrated distribution and a smaller proportion of high-toxin-producing strains; the maximum production levels of FB₁ and FB₂ were only 20.91 and 30.76 μg·g^-1, respectively. The DON production of F. graminearum ranged from 1.24 to 3.43 μg·g^-1. Overall the three major maize-producing areas (Northeast, Northwest, and Huang-Huai-Hai) exhibited similar toxigenic distribution patterns with only minor variations, and no significant regional differences were observed. 【Conclusion】F. verticillioides is the primary contaminant of maize kernels in China, with its population structure varying across regions and years. The toxigenic capacity (FB) of F. verticillioides varies significantly among different maize-producing areas, and high-toxin-producing strains are predominantly distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai and Northeast maize-producing areas.

Key words: maize kernel, microbial community, Fusarium, mycotoxin, toxigenic capacity

CHENG MingXin, CHEN WenChan, WEI KaiWei, ZHANG Sai, ZUO YuJie, SU QianFu, LIU Ning, CAO ZhiYan, DONG JinGao. Analysis of the Fungal Community Composition in Maize Kernels and the Toxigenic Capacity of Dominant Fusarium Species in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(21): 4802-4814.

Figures/Tables 7

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References 48

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镰孢菌种Fusarium species	引物名称Primer name	序列Sequence (5′-3')
禾谷镰孢F. graminearum	Fg16NF	ACAGATGACAAGATTCAGGCACA
禾谷镰孢F. graminearum	Fg16NR	TTCTTTGACATCTGTTCAACCCA
尖孢镰孢F. oxysporum	FoF1	ACATACCACTTGTTGCCTCG
尖孢镰孢F. oxysporum	FoR1	CGCCAATCAATTTGAGGAACG
拟轮枝镰孢F. verticillioides	VER1	CTTCCTGCGATGTTTCTCC
拟轮枝镰孢F. verticillioides	VER2	AATTGGCCATTGGTATTATATATCTA
层出镰孢F. proliferatum	PRO1	CTTTCCGCCAAGTTTCTTC
层出镰孢F. proliferatum	PRO2	TGTCAGTAACTCGACGTTGTTG
亚黏团镰孢F. subglutinans	SUB1	CTGTCGCTAACCTCTTTATCCA
亚黏团镰孢F. subglutinans	SUB2	CAGTATGGACGTTGGTATTATATCTAA
黄色镰孢F. culmorum	FcOlF	ATGGTGAACTCGTCCTGGC
黄色镰孢F. culmorum	FcOlR	CCCTTCTTACGCCAATCTCG

真菌种类Fungi species	2022	2023	2024	2025	总计Total
拟轮枝镰孢F. verticillioides	319	763	837	1142	3061
禾谷镰孢F. graminearum	89	175	170	215	649
层出镰孢F. proliferatum	52	69	51	13	185
尖孢镰孢F. oxysporum	22	29	21	21	93
黄色镰孢F. culmorum	3	—	—	—	3
青霉Penicillium	113	134	573	223	1043
黑曲霉A. niger	94	95	214	27	430
木霉Trichoderma	38	35	97	5	175
黄曲霉A. flavus	—	—	129	30	159
其他真菌Other fungi	—	—	70	17	87
总计Total	730	1300	2162	1693	5885

Analysis of the Fungal Community Composition in Maize Kernels and the Toxigenic Capacity of Dominant Fusarium Species in China

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