关于果树种质资源与遗传育种若干问题的理解与思考

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.011

Abstract

Abstract:

This review summarized the research progress of fruit tree germplasm resources and genetic breeding as well as the understanding and thinking of several issues. The main results were as follows: 1. Although China was the world’s largest fruit tree resource country and the origin and evolution center (one of) of many fruit trees, such as citrus, apple, pear, peach, longan, loquat, banana, kiwi, plum, apricot, jujube and persimmon, the discovery, innovation and utilization of wild germplasm and famous local varieties needed to be further strengthened. 2. According to the source of genetic variation, the fruit tree breeding mainly had two approaches: hybrid breeding and bud sports selection; the first generation of fruit tree hybrids was widely separated, and the genotype with the strongest heterosis was selected for each breeding. It became a new variety through asexual reproduction, and was used for a long time in production. The three hypotheses of dominant, superdominant and epistasis were the main genetic basis of heterosis; the analysis of the main characters of the new varieties of Fuji and Luli apples, Muscat Hamburg grape, and Shannongsu pear and their parents showed that selecting varieties with complementary traits as hybrid parents and selecting varieties with complex genetic background as female parents were important guidelines for the efficient utilization of fruit tree heterosis. Hybrid breeding was to determine the breeding goals according to the variety needs of the industry, to carry out parental selection and matching, and to breed new varieties with complementary parental traits and obvious heterosis. Bud mutation selection was the use of somatic natural mutations and epigenetics to repair and improve the individual traits of the main plant varieties in production; therefore, the organic combination of hybrid breeding and bud sports selection was an important technical approach to solve the variety problem of fruit tree industry. 3. In the face of rural revitalization and the country’s reform of the talent evaluation mechanism of “Persist in evaluating talents based on ability, actual performance and contribution, and overcome the tendency of only education, qualifications, and papers”, this review explained the scientific research ideas and classic cases that agricultural scientists must adhere to “Equal emphasis on technological innovation and the combination of good varieties and methods”.

Key words: fruit tree, germplasm resource, hybrid breeding, bud sports selection, theory and technology, good varieties and good methods

CHEN XueSen,WANG Nan,ZHANG ZongYing,MAO ZhiQuan,YIN ChengMiao. Understanding and Thinking About Some Problems of Fruit Tree Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3395-3410.

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亲本 Parent	品种名称 Variety name	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	果实发育期 Fruit development period (d)	耐贮性 Storability	基因型 Genotype	香味 Fruit fragrance
母本 Female	国光 Ralls	140	170	较耐贮 More storable	ACS1-2/-2	淡 Slight
父本 Male	元帅 Delicious	210	145	不耐贮 Not storable	ACS1-2/-1	浓 Strong
新品种 New variety	富士 Fuji	230	170	极耐贮 Extremely storable	ACS1-2/-2	浓 Strong

亲本 Parent	品种名称 Varieties name	果皮颜色 Fruit peel color	香味 Fruit fragrance
母本 Female	黑罕 Trollinger	黑紫色 Black purple	无玫瑰香味 No rose fragrance
父本 Male	白玫瑰 Alexandrie	白绿色 White green	玫瑰香味 Rose fragrance
新品种 New varieties	玫瑰香 Muscat Hamburg	黑紫色 Black purple	玫瑰香味 Rose fragrance

亲本 Parent	品种名称 Variety name	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	果实发育期 Fruit development period (d)	耐贮性 Storability	基因型 Genotype	炭疽叶枯病抗性 Resistance to anthracnose leaf blight
母本 Female	藤木一号 Tengmu 1	160	90	不耐贮 Not storable	ACS1-2/-1	抗 Resistant
父本 Male	嘎啦 Royal Gala	180	125	不耐贮 Not storable	ACS1-2/-2	不抗 Not resistant
新品种 New varieties	鲁丽 Luli	180	110	耐贮 Storable	ACS1-2/-2	抗 Resistant

亲本 Parent	品种名称 Variety name	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	果实发育期 Fruit development period (d)	耐贮性 Storability	肉质 Flesh quality	抗氧化能力 Oxidation resistance
母本 Female	新梨7号 Xinli No.7	253	120	耐贮 Storable	肉细,较脆 Delicate, crispy	较强 Stronger
父本 Male	砀山酥梨 Dangshansu	240	145	耐贮 Storable	中粗,酥脆 Coarse, crisp	差 Weak
新品种 New varieties	山农酥梨 Shannongsu	460	175	极耐贮 Extremely storable	肉细,酥脆 Delicate, crisp	强 Strong

育种途径 Breeding approach	遗传方式 Inheritance pattern	变异来源 Source of variation	变异机理 Mechanism of variation	变异性状 Variable traits	解决问题 Solved problem
杂交育种 Hybrid breeding	孟德尔遗传 Mendelian inheritance	性细胞 Sexual cell	基因分离、组合、互作与修饰 Separation, combination, interaction and modification of genes	全部性状,但不能重复 All traits, cannot be repeated	产业对新品种的需求 Industry’s demand for new varieties
芽变选种 Bud sports selection	表观遗传 Epigenetic	体细胞 Somatic cell	基因和蛋白修饰 Gene and protein modification	个别性状,可重复发生 Individual traits, can be repeated	生产主栽品种个别性状改良 Improvement of individual traits of main planted varieties

Understanding and Thinking About Some Problems of Fruit Tree Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding

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果实类型 Fruit type	树种 Species	生态类型 Ecological type	果实耐贮性 Storability	周年供应的技术途径 Technical channels of annual supply
呼吸跃变型 Climacteric fruit	苹果 Apple	多年生温带落叶果树 Perennial temperate deciduous fruit tree	耐贮 Storable	优质、耐贮、晚熟主栽品种+特色多样化中早熟品种+适当的贮藏保鲜技术与设备 High-quality, storable and late maturing main varieties + Early and middle maturing varieties + Appropriate storage and preservation technology and equipment
	梨 Pear	多年生温带落叶果树 Perennial temperate deciduous fruit tree	耐贮 Storable	优质、耐贮、晚熟主栽品种+特色多样化中早熟品种+适当的贮藏保鲜技术与设备 High-quality, storable and late maturing main varieties+ Early and middle maturing varieties + Appropriate storage and preservation technology and equipment
	桃 Peach	多年生温带落叶果树 Perennial temperate deciduous fruit tree	不耐贮 Not storable	早、中、晚熟期配套品种+生态布局+设施栽培+物流保鲜 Early, middle and late maturing varieties + Ecological layout + Protected cultivation + Logistics preservation
非呼吸跃变型 Non-climateric fruits	柑橘 Citrus	多年生亚热带常绿果树 Perennial subtropical evergreen fruit tree	耐贮性一般 Middle storable	早、中、晚熟期配套品种+生态布局+留树保鲜+物流保鲜 Early, middle and late maturing varieties + Ecological layout + Keep trees fresh + Logistics preservation
非呼吸跃变型 Non-climateric fruits	葡萄 Grape	多年生温带落叶果树 Perennial temperate deciduous fruit tree	耐贮性一般 Middle storable	早、中、晚熟期配套品种+生态布局+设施栽培 Early, middle and late maturing varieties + Ecological layout + Protected cultivation

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