中国玉米主产区土壤养分的空间变异及影响因素分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.012

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to analyze the current status, regional spatial variation and its influencing factors of soil fertility in the major regions of maize production in China, so as to provide the guidance for soil nutrient management and fertilization strategy. 【Method】 Large-scale soil sample collection and farmer surveys were carried out throughout the major regions of maize production during the harvest season of maize in 2017. By using geostatistics and geographical information systems (GIS) methods, the regional variability and distribution patterns of soil fertilities were determined and mapped. According to relevant grading standards, the current status of soil fertilities in major regions of maize production was evaluated. Correlation analysis and variance analysis were used to assess the effects of major factors (soil texture, climate and fertilization) on soil fertility status.【Result】 The median values of soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen (N), Olsen phosphorus (Olsen-P), and NH₄OAc extractable potassium (available K) in the major regions of maize production were 6.9, 21.0 g·kg^-1, 1.5 g·kg^-1, 22.4 mg·kg^-1, and 164.5 mg·kg^-1, respectively, and their coefficient of variation were 12.7%, 48.5%, 50.0%, 83.6% and 52.0%, respectively, which all belonged to moderate variation. The concentrations of soil organic matter, total N, Olsen-P, and available K were mainly varied at middle to extremely high level, which occupied 93.5% area of the whole production regions. Significant regional variation was observed for soil fertilities. The concentrations of soil organic matter, total N and Olsen-P were the highest in the Northeast region (with median of 32.0 g·kg^-1, 2.2 g·kg^-1, 32.3 mg·kg^-1, respectively) and the lowest in the Northwest region (with median of 17.2 g·kg^-1, 1.2 g·kg^-1, 16.2 mg·kg^-1, respectively). The concentration of soil available K was the lowest in the Southwest region but showed no significant difference in the other regions. On the national scale, soil pH had strong spatial dependence (nugget to sill ratio <25%) and its spatial variation was likely caused by natural factors (soil texture and precipitation). Soil Olsen-P had weak spatial dependence (nugget to sill ratio >75%) and its spatial variation was probably affected by anthropic activities (fertilization). Soil organic matter, total N and available K had moderate spatial dependence (nugget to sill ratio 25%-75%), which likely was due to the combined effect of natural factors and anthropic activities. 【Conclusion】 Due to high soil fertility, the fertilization rate should be reduced to save fertilizer cost in the maize production of Northeast region. For North China Plain with moderate soil fertility, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be strictly controlled to improve fertilizer use efficiency and to reduce environmental pollution. For Northwest region with inadequate soil fertility, the fertilizer input should be appropriately increased to further improve maize yield. The soil fertility in the Southwest region varies greatly. Appropriate fertilization management should be adopted in each subregion to improve soil nutrient preserving capability and maize yield.

Key words: major regions of maize production, soil fertilities, spatial variability, influencing factors, GIS, China

ZHAO QingYue,XU ShiJie,ZHANG WuShuai,ZHANG Zhe,YAO Zhi,CHEN XinPing,ZOU ChunQin. Spatial Regional Variability and Influential Factors of Soil Fertilities in the Major Regions of Maize Production of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3120-3133.

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Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Soil fertilities in the major regions of maize production in China"

区域 Region	样本量 Sample size	pH		有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)		全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)		有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)		速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
区域 Region	样本量 Sample size	中值 Median	5%—95%置信区间 5%-95% confidence interval	中值 Median	5%—95% 置信区间 5%-95% confidence interval	中值 Median	5%—95% 置信区间 5%-95% confidence interval	中值 Median	5%—95% 置信区间 5%-95% confidence interval	中值 Median	5%—95% 置信区间 5%-95% confidence interval
I-1	82	6.5	5.4—7.4	44.6	22.0—71.2	3.1	1.2—5.1	28.2	8.2—80.2	208.7	87.7—357.9
I-2	90	6.0	4.6—7.0	32.2	16.6—43.3	2.3	1.0—3.5	42.5	8.4—93.2	195.1	80.5—436.0
I-3	25	6.8	5.8—7.3	25.6	13.7—42.8	1.5	1.0—2.9	26.4	3.8—62.0	154.2	95.0—329.6
I-4	59	6.5	4.8—7.5	17.0	11.5—33.6	1.3	0.8—2.6	25.4	5.6—134.9	119.3	60.4—414.4
东北区 I The region of the Northeast China I	256	6.4	5.0—7.3	32.0	13.0—58.0	2.2	0.9—4.5	32.3	7.2—95.8	175.6	74.2—377.7
II-1	265	7.3	5.5—8.0	20.4	12.8—28.4	1.5	0.8—2.2	24.4	5.5—92.7	183.1	80.6—346.6
II-2	55	6.8	5.1—7.3	20.3	11.2—27.4	1.4	0.7—2.1	20.7	5.2—70.7	154.0	52.2—324.7
华北区II The region of the North China Plain II	320	7.2	5.4—7.9	20.3	12.7—28.3	1.4	0.8—2.2	23.6	5.3—86.8	176.2	72.6—345.4
III-1	92	7.6	6.6—8.0	17.4	10.7—32.0	1.3	0.7—2.3	15.2	4.0—46.5	171.6	103.3—316.3
III-2	110	7.5	6.9—8.1	17.0	6.6—34.6	1.2	0.5—2.6	18.1	4.2—64.6	138.2	44.8—323.2
III-3	20	7.2	6.6—7.5	17.4	10.2—40.4	1.2	0.6—3.0	8.6	1.9—55.2	385.6	201.8—832.5
西北区III The region of the Northwest China III	222	7.5	6.8—8.0	17.2	8.1—33.2	1.2	0.6—2.4	16.2	4.2—61.0	162.5	63.0—398.1
IV-1	33	6.6	5.1—7.0	13.6	7.5—27.4	1.1	0.5—2.0	9.3	0.5—54.5	132.9	54.2—313.9
IV-2	92	6.4	4.5—7.4	21.8	11.8—42.7	1.6	0.8—3.4	18.2	1.7—93.6	138.8	46.8—334.0
IV-3	57	6.4	4.6—7.7	31.6	13.4—72.7	2.3	0.9—4.6	28.5	3.3—96.8	162.0	63.2—377.0
西南区IV The region of the Southwest China IV	182	6.4	4.6—7.4	22.4	10.5—53.6	1.6	0.7—3.8	18.3	1.9—94.5	141.8	49.2—340.4

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 2

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Fig. 3

Table 8

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土壤养分 Soil fertility	样品数 Sample size	分布类型 Distribution types	中值 Median	5%—95%置信区间 5%-95% confidence interval	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard derivation	变异系数 Variance coefficient (%)	偏度 Skewness	峰度 Kurtosis
pH	980	对数正态 Lognormal	6.9	5.1—7.9	6.8	0.9	12.7	-0.70	-0.11
有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	980	对数正态 Lognormal	21.0	10.7—48.6	23.9	11.6	48.5	1.62	3.26
全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	980	对数正态 Lognormal	1.5	0.7—3.5	1.7	0.9	50.0	1.48	2.70
有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	980	偏态 Skewed	22.4	4.6—84.2	30.5	25.5	83.6	1.66	2.90
速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	980	偏态 Skewed	164.5	66.0—358.9	183.8	95.5	52.0	1.55	5.59

	pH	有机质 Organic matter	全氮 Total N	有效磷 Olsen-P	速效钾 Available K
pH	1
有机质 Organic matter	-0.284**	1
全氮 Total N	-0.256**	0.927**	1
有效磷 Olsen-P	-0.287**	0.220**	0.200**	1
速效钾Available K	0.122**	0.237**	0.234**	0.228**	1

土壤养分 Soil fertility	理论模型 Theory model	块金值 Nugget	基台值 Sill	块基比 Nugget/Sill (%)	变程 Range (km)	决定系数 R²	残差 RSS
pH	指数 Exponential	0.00101	0.00426	23.7	2319	0.593	5.708E-06
有机质 Organic matter	高斯 Gaussian	0.0204	0.0626	32.6	4108	0.904	3.253E-04
全氮 Total N	高斯 Gaussian	0.026	0.0657	39.6	4117	0.909	2.708E-04
有效磷 Olsen-P	线性 Linear	0.0814	0.108	75.4	4252	0.778	7.680E-04
速效钾 Available K	线性 Linear	0.0687	0.0944	72.8	4252	0.449	1.072E-03

土壤养分 Soil fertility	项目 Item	极高 Extremely high	高 High	中 Middle	低 Low
有机质 Organic matter	分级标准 Grading standard (g·kg^-1)	≥40	20—40	10—20	<10
	百分比 Area percentage (%)	2.84	40.90	56.26	0.00
全氮Total N	分级标准 Grading standard (g·kg^-1)	≥2	1—2	0.75—1	<0.75
	百分比 Area percentage (%)	13.83	81.96	4.21	0.00
有效磷Olsen-P	分级标准 Grading standard (mg·kg^-1)	≥40	25—40	10—25	<10
	百分比 Area percentage (%)	7.21	19.30	67.02	6.47
速效钾Available K	分级标准 Grading standard (mg·kg^-1)	≥150	120—150	90—120	<90
	百分比 Area percentage (%)	67.90	19.32	11.49	1.29

区域 Region	影响因素 Factor	pH	有机质 Organic matter	全氮 Total N	有效磷 Olsen-P	速效钾 Available K
东北区I The region of the Northeast China I	平均气温 Average temperature	-0.006	-0.775**	-0.742**	0.098	-0.291
	年降水量 Total precipitation	-0.439**	-0.123	-0.112	0.437**	-0.170
	年蒸发量 Total evaporation	-0.017	-0.754**	-0.721**	0.098	-0.309*
华北区II The region of the North China Plain II	平均气温 Average temperature	0.043	0.071	-0.061	-0.172	-0.043
	年降水量 Total precipitation	-0.397**	-0.145	-0.179	0.069	-0.181
	年蒸发量 Total evaporation	-0.177	-0.318*	-0.256*	0.116	0.157
西北区III The region of the Northwest China III	平均气温 Average temperature	0.103	0.298	0.276	0.000	-0.176
	年降水量 Total precipitation	-0.107	-0.245	-0.250	-0.009	-0.171
	年蒸发量 Total evaporation	0.171	0.004	-0.028	0.148	-0.107
西南区IV The region of the Southwest China IV	平均气温 Average temperature	-0.223	-0.241	-0.197	0.225	-0.322
	年降水量 Total precipitation	-0.350*	0.015	0.008	0.164	-0.596**
	年蒸发量 Total evaporation	-0.219	0.341*	0.348*	0.550**	0.014

Spatial Regional Variability and Influential Factors of Soil Fertilities in the Major Regions of Maize Production of China

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区域 Region	养分投入量 Fertilizer rate (kg·hm^-2)
区域 Region	氮 N	磷 P₂O₅	钾 K₂O
东北区I The region of the Northeast China I	239.0±90.0	106.1±57.8	95.2±54.9
I-1	227.8±94.6	88.5±50.9	72.6±49.9
I-2	247.8±66.6	117.8±44.5	109±38.0
I-3	212.9±71.8	88.9±52.4	85.8±60.7
I-4	248.3±120.4	113.5±78.6	100.3±71.8
华北区II The region of the North China Plain II	224.7±89.9	71.6±45.6	66.7±39.8
II-1	216.4±87.3	70.6±45.3	64.9±39.0
II-2	294.4±81.4	79.9±47.5	81.7±44.1
西北区III The region of the Northwest China III	330.1±132.9	158.4±90.9	79.3±69.5
III-1	306.0±108.8	132.1±88.1	77.6±59.2
III-2	335.7±132.7	166.5±90.7	69.0±66.0
III-3	384.7±178.1	210.0±71.5	122.7±92.6
西南区IV The region of the Southwest China IV	308.6±133.9	97.4±59.8	94.4±60.0
IV-1	327.7±155.3	91.8±71.3	82.1±63.9
IV-2	276.5±126.8	100.8±55.9	106.9±53.5
IV-3	341.5±111.4	97.3±54.2	86.2±62.7
全国 China	270.9±120.0	106.8±72.4	82.7±57.3

土壤养分 Soil fertilities	施氮量 N rate	施磷量 P₂O₅ rate	施钾量 K₂O rate
pH	0.066	-0.013	-0.248**
有机质 Organic matter	-0.129**	-0.101**	-0.022
全氮 Total N	-0.132**	-0.099**	-0.032
有效磷 Olsen-P	-0.011	0.078*	0.172**
速效钾 Available K	-0.067	0.005	-0.002

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