Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (9): 1845-1859.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.09.012

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Soil Erosion on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cultivated Layer of Purple Soil Slope Farmland

Na JIANG1,DongMei SHI1(),GuangYi JIANG2,Ge SONG1,ChengJing SI3,Qing YE1   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715;
    2 Chongqing Eco-environment Monitoring Station of Soil and Water Conservation, Chongqing 401147;
    3 Chongqing Wanzhou District Water Resources Bureau, Chongqing 404000
  • Received:2019-07-01 Accepted:2019-10-21 Online:2020-05-01 Published:2020-05-13
  • Contact: DongMei SHI E-mail:shidm_1970@126.com

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Abstract:

【Objective】Purple soil slope farmland is an important cultivated land resource for agricultural production in southern hilly area. In order to study the effects of soil erosion on the physical properties and mechanical properties degradation of purple soil slope arable land, based on the classification of soil degradation, the change characteristics of physical and mechanical properties and soil degradation index under different erosion degrees were quantitatively analyzed. 【Method】With non-eroded plots as control group, the soil permeability, soil mechanical properties and soil degradation index of cultivated-layer were compared and analyzed under 5 cm (S-5), 10 cm (S-10), 15 cm (S-15) and 20 cm (S-20) erosion conditions by shovel soil erosion simulation test method, and the degradation degree of physical and mechanical properties of sloping farmland was quantitatively analyzed. 【Result】Soil permeability of cultivated-layer under different erosion degrees was CK>S-5>S-10>S-15>S-20. The initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, average infiltration rate and saturated water conductivity of soil decreased with the increase of erosion degree. Soil permeability index of each layer under different erosion degrees was 0-20 cm soil layer>20-40 cm soil layer. Soil mechanical properties of different erosion degrees were CK-5-10-15-20. Soil shear strength and soil compacted degree increased with erosion degree. Soil mechanical indexes of all layers under different erosion degrees were 0-20 cm soil layer<20-40 cm soil layer. The contribution rate of soil shear strength to the first axis was the largest, and soil shear strength was the main factor affecting the change of soil physical properties and mechanical properties under different erosion degrees. Soil physical properties and mechanical properties were ranked as stable infiltration rate>soil compaction>saturated water conductivity>average infiltration rate>initial infiltration rate>shear strength. Soil degradation index of under different erosion degrees was S-5 (-8.71%)>S-10 (-10.95%)>S-20 (-12.17%)>S-15 (-15.37%). S-15 had the greatest influence on the topsoil physical properties, and the S-15 soil degradation index was the smallest, with the degree of soil degradation being severe. 【Conclusion】Soil compaction was serious in slope farmland of purple soil. According to soil infiltration and mechanical properties, the soil degradation grade with different erosion degree could be classified into four grades: undegraded, mild degradation, moderate degradation and severe degradation. The results could provide the technical parameters for the identification and restoration control of the quality degradation process of sloping farmland.

Key words: purple soil, soil erosion, slope farmland, top layer, soil degradation, physical characteristics of soil

Table 1

Residual thickness of original soil layer in in situ simulation plot of sloping farmland with different erosion degree"

原始不同土层(hi)
Original different soil layers (cm)
 模拟侵蚀深度/模拟侵蚀年限Simulated erosion depth (cm)/Simulated erosion age (a)
0/0 5/20 10/40 15/60 20/80
S-0 S-5 S-10 S-15 S-20
0-20 20 15.55 12.09 9.40 5.50
20-25 - 4.45 3.46 2.69 3.90
25-30 - - 4.45 3.46 2.69
30-35 - - - 4.45 3.46
35-40 - - - - 4.45

Fig. 1

Layout of experimental plots with different erosion degrees"

Fig. 2

Change characteristics of soil infiltration under different erosion degrees Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in erosion degree of the same vertical layer (P<0.05), different small letters indicate significant differences in the same erosion degree of different vertical layers (P<0.05). The same as Fig. 3"

Table 2

Principal component analysis of tillage soil permeability under different erosion degrees"

主成分 Principal component Norm值
Norm value
F1 F2
X1饱和导水率Saturated hydraulic conductivity 0.021 0.997 1.02
X2初始入渗率Initial soil infiltration 0.978 0.125 1.64
X3稳定入渗率Stable infiltration rate 0.939 -0.161 1.58
X4平均入渗率Average infiltration ratio 0.982 0.008 1.64
主成分特征值Principal component eigenvalue 2.802 1.036 -
主要方差贡献率Contribution rate of major variance 70.06 25.91 -
主要成分累积贡献率Cumulative contribution rate of major components 70.06 95.97 -

Table 3

Tillage soil permeability order of different erosion degrees"

处理
Manage		 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 平均得分
The average score		 排序
The sorting		 退化程度
Degradation
得分
Score		 排序
The sorting		 得分
Score		 排序
The sorting		 得分
Score		 排序
The sorting		 得分
Score		 排序
The sorting
CK 3.06 1.00 1.23 1.00 0.50 2.00 0.25 2.00 1.26 1 未退化
Non degradation
S-5 1.53 1.00 0.90 2.00 -0.07 3.00 -0.78 3.00 0.40 2 轻度退化
Mild degradation
S-10 0.72 2.00 0.38 2.00 0.05 2.00 -0.74 3.00 0.10 2 轻度退化
Mild degradation
S-15 0.19 2.00 -0.13 3.00 -1.25 4.00 -1.64 4.00 -0.71 3 中度退化
Moderate degradation
S-20 0.06 2.00 -0.41 3.00 -1.59 4.00 -2.08 4.00 -1.01 4 重度退化
Severe degradation

Fig. 3

Change characteristics of soil mechanical properties in tillage layer under different erosion degrees"

Table 4

Correlation analysis of soil physical properties on slope farmland"

土壤容重
Soil bulk density		 土壤总
孔隙度
Soil total porosity		 毛管孔
隙度
Soil
capillary
porosity		 砂粒Sand 粉粒
Silt		 黏粒
Clay		 饱和导
水率
Saturated hydraulic
conductivity		 初始入
渗率
Initial soil infiltration		 平均
入渗率
Average infiltration rate		 稳定入
渗率
Stable
infiltration rate		 抗剪强度
Soil shear strength		 土壤紧
实度
Soil compactibility
Z1 1
Z2 -1.000** 1
Z3 -0.696** 0.698** 1
Z4 0.655** -0.655** -0.517* 1
Z5 -0.770** 0.770** 0.549* -0.978** 1
Z6 0.880** -0.881** -0.741** 0.429 -0.561* 1
X1 -0.859** 0.858** 0.697** -0.774** 0.841** -0.824** 1
X2 -0.924** 0.923** 0.763** -0.709** 0.789** -0.873** 0.947** 1
X3 -0.750** 0.749** 0.595** -0.814** 0.843** -0.614** 0.853** 0.857** 1
X4 -0.935** 0.934** 0.788** -0.684** 0.766** -0.865** 0.909** 0.973** 0.872** 1
Y5 0.889** -0.890** -0.696** 0.435 -0.572** 0.991** -0.840** -0.889** -0.644** -0.876** 1
Y6 0.769** -0.770** -0.968** 0.547* -0.606** 0.840** -0.758** -0.825** -0.668** -0.841** 0.807** 1

Fig. 4

Soil physical properties of tillage under different erosion degrees"

Table 5

Statistical results of sorting of physical properties of tillage layer under different erosion degrees of purple soil slope farmland"

Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 Axis 4
特征值Eigenvalue 0.0023 0.0004 0.0003 0
解释变异（累计）Explained variation (cumulative) 73.50 86.03 94.57 94.85
Pseudo-canonical相关性Pseudo-canonical correlation 0.9950 0.9847 0.8347 0.7174
解释拟合变异（累积）Explained fitted variation (cumulative) 77.48 90.70 99.70 100.00

Table 6

Statistical analysis of soil degradation indicators of cultivated land in purple soil slope"

评价指标
Evaluation index		 初始
入渗率
Initial soil infiltration (mm·min-1)		 稳定入渗率
Stable infiltration rate (mm·min-1)		 平均入渗率
Average infiltration rate
(mm·min-1)		 饱和导水率
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm·min-1)		 抗剪强度
Soil shear strength (kPa)		 土壤紧实度
Soil compactibility (N·cm2)		 土壤
容重
Soil bulk density (g·cm-3)		 土壤总
孔隙度
Soil total porosity (%)		 毛管孔隙度
Soil capillary porosity
(%)		 粉粒
Silt (%)		 砂粒
Sand (%)		 黏粒
Clay (%)
最大值
Maximum value		 70.75 13.29 39.29 4.00 3.84 251.50 1.58 52.33 36.29 66.67 36.77 32.33
最小值
Minimum value		 13.00 8.42 16.00 0.25 1.96 49.98 1.26 40.38 7.95 49.00 16.67 14.33
平均值
Average value		 37.79 10.30 27.04 1.86 2.97 96.06 1.43 46.19 30.58 55.39 29.62 22.9
标准差
Standard deviation		 13.92 1.31 5.75 1.17 0.61 46.25 0.10 3.91 6.29 4.61 5.03 5.81
变异系数
Coefficient of variation (%)		 36.84 12.71 21.27 63.03 20.56 48.15 7.31 8.47 20.56 8.31 17.00 25.37
峰度Kurtosis 0.46 0.02 -0.12 -0.83 -1.27 6.09 -1.38 -1.39 8.87 0.41 0.89 -1.26
偏度Skewness 0.43 0.60 0.03 0.15 -0.2 2.09 0.13 -0.13 -2.74 0.69 -0.74 0.06
K-S检验
K-S test		 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.11 0.20 0.08 0.15 0.14 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20
Norm值
Norm value		 3.04 2.70 3.03 2.94 2.81 2.73 2.94 2.94 2.53 2.44 2.66 2.80

Fig. 5

Change characteristics of soil degradation index in tillage layer under different erosion degrees"

Fig. 6

Change characteristics of soil erodibility K value in tillage layer under different erosion degrees"

Table 7

Determines the potential soil erosion grade of slope farmland based on soil infiltration rate and soil compaction"

土壤稳定入渗率
Soil stable infiltration rate		 土壤紧实度Soil compactibility
1 2 3 4 5
1 1 M1 M2 M4 M5
2 F3 2 M2 M3 M4
3 F3 F3 1 M2 M1
4 F2 F2 F2 2 M1
5 F1 F1 F1 M1 1

Table 8

Potential soil erosion grades of sloping farmland under different erosion degrees"

处理
Manage		 土层
Soil horizon (cm)		 稳定入渗率
Soil stable infiltration rate		 土壤紧实度
Soil compactibility		 土壤潜在水土流失等级
Soil degradation grade
CK
 0-10 5 1 F1
10-20 5 1 F1
S-5
 0-10 3 1 F3
10-20 3 1 F3
S-10 0-10 3 1 F3
10-20 2 1 1
S-15
 0-10 3 1 F3
10-20 2 1 1
S-20
 0-10 2 1 F3
10-20 1 1 1
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