西南紫色土坡耕地农作物-耕层质量适宜性的耦合度诊断

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.04.008

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】As an important cultivated land resource type in southwest area, the quality of the cultivated-layer of slope farmland in purple hilly is concentrated in the phenomenon of severe erosion, low yield and unstable crop yield. The change of crop yield on the plot scale has a significant hysteresis effect compared with soil quality degradation. Based on the analysis of soil quality of sloping farmland in purple soil with different soil fertility grades, this paper quantitatively analyzed the suitability of crop quality of purple soil slope farmland to crops.【Method】The paper studied the suitability evaluation between crop growth and cultivated-layer for the different land productivity grades by the way of coupling degree model based on statistical analysis and clustering analysis. 【Result】The results showed: (1) the thickness of the cultivated-layer at different land productivity grades for purple slope farmland was from 19 to 21 cm and the effective thickness of the cultivated-layer was the range of 21-43 cm, which indicated that the thickness of cultivated-layer was stable and the thinning phenomenon of effective thickness for cultivated-layer was very serious. The limited factors of crop yield for five levels slope farmland were field slope, thickness of cultivated-layer and effective thickness of cultivated-layer. (2) the characteristics of variation of the three kinds of cultivated-layer types for purple soil slope farmland were very serious. Furthermore, soil in Type I of cultivated-layer indicated such features as weak acidic (pH 6.4) and the highest lower cation exchange capacity (20.99 cmol(+)·L ^-1). Soil in Type II of cultivated-layer was characteristic with smallest field slope (11.3°), the highest thickness of the effective soil layer (38cm) and thickness of cultivated-layer (22 cm), so was the soil available potassium (136.50 mg·kg ^-1). Soil in Type III showed such characteristics as the thinnest effective soil thickness (28 cm), acidic soil (pH 4.8) and the smallest cation exchange capacity (9.19 cmol(+)·L ^-1). The dominant factors affecting the crop yield of purple soil slope farmland included field slope, effective soil thickness, soil acidification and cation exchange capacity. (3) the suitability status of crop and cultivated-layer for the different land productivity grades existed two states, including coordinated development stage and maladjustment decay stage, and four types, which were synchro type, lag type, profit and loss type and common loss type. Crop was more sensitive than quality of cultivated-layer for the coupling coordination degrees under the same land productivity grades of slope farmland, which signified the more yield decrease. Crop-cultivated layer coupling coordination degrees (C_d) for Type I (0.4820） and Type II (0.5207) belonged to the basic coordination development stage and the lag type for crop - cultivated layer, which caused the crop growth was barely suitable. Meanwhile, Crop-cultivated layer coupling coordination degrees (C_d) for Type III (0.3343) was in mild dysregulation stage and profit and loss type, which meant the quality of cultivated-layer for crop growth was moderate unsuitable. 【Conclusion】 The thickness of cultivated-layer was stable and the thinning phenomenon of effective thickness for cultivated-layer was very serious. The suitability status of crop and cultivated-layer for the different land productivity grades existed two states, including coordinated development stage and maladjustment decay stage, and four types, including synchro type, lag type, profit and loss type and common loss type. Slope farmland improvement in purple soil should reduce the slope of the field, increase the thickness of effective soil layer, and adjust the soil pH. These results could provide some useful parameters for suitability diagnosis, regulation and construction of the cultivated-layer of purple soil slope farmland at plots level.

Key words: slope farmland, quality of cultivated-layer, coupling degree, reasonable cultivated-layer configuration, suitability, purple hilly area, South-Western China

LOU YiBao,SHI DongMei,JIN HuiFang,JIANG GuangYi,DUAN Teng,JIANG Na. Coupling Degree Diagnosis on Suitability Evaluation of Cultivated-Layer Quality for Slope Farmland in Purple Hilly Region of South-Western China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(4): 661-675.

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Figures/Tables 10

Table 1

Soil quality and agricultural production conditions of plow layer on purple soil slope"

地块号Block number	行政区域 Adminis-trative region	母质 Parent material	田面坡度Slope (°)	有效土层厚度Effective thickness of soil layer (cm)	耕层厚度Topsoil thickness (cm)	pH	有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量Cation exchange Capacity (cmol (+)·L^-1)	全氮Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Effective phosphate (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	作物产量Crop yield (t·hm^-2)	地力等级 Productivity grade of cultivated land
1	万州区Wanzhou district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	5	40	20	4.9	19.50	32.1	0.97	12.00	94.5	9.000	一 First
2	万州区Wanzhou district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	5	45	22	5.2	10.00	27.6	0.66	10.00	79.1	6.750	二 Secondary
3	万州区Wanzhou district	侏罗纪遂宁组 Jurassic Suining Group	10	50	20	7.9	9.69	16.3	0.91	2.90	69.2	5.250	三 Third
4	万州区Wanzhou district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	15	20	15	5.1	7.02	19.9	0.41	10.00	54.5	4.50	四 Fourth
5	万州区Wanzhou district	侏罗纪遂宁组Jurassic Suining Group	25	20	20	7.8	9.93	18.9	0.82	2.60	51.8	4.500	五 Fifth
6	云阳县Yunyang country	沙溪庙组 Shaximiao Group	6	40	25	6.9	14.60	31.8	0.89	9.39	88.7	9.750	一 First
7	云阳县Yunyang country	沙溪庙组 Shaximiao Group	7	50	25	6.2	8.99	21.1	0.61	6.61	114.0	9.250	二 Secondary
8	云阳县Yunyang country	巴东组 Padong Group	12	40	24	8.0	19.90	22.4	1.36	5.57	157.0	8.000	三 Third
9	云阳县Yunyang Country	蓬莱镇组 Penglai Group	16	40	20	6.5	12.30	24.8	0.72	3.74	55.1	6.500	四 Fourth
地块号Block number	行政区域 Adminis-trative region	母质 Parent material	田面坡度Slope (°)	有效土层厚度Effective thickness of soil layer (cm)	耕层厚度Topsoil thickness (cm)	pH	有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量Cation exchange Capacity (cmol (+)·L^-1)	全氮Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Effective phosphate (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	作物产量Crop yield (t·hm^-2)	地力等级 Productivity grade of cultivated land
10	云阳县Yunyang Country	蓬莱镇组 Penglai Group	20	20	20	8.3	5.29	28.4	0.41	4.31	170.0	5.250	五 Fifth
11	北碚区Beibei district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	5	35	20	6.0	12.40	28.4	0.89	18.00	78.8	9.000	一 First
12	北碚区Beibei district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	5	40	19	7.6	12.90	24.7	1.02	6.30	72.1	7.875	二 Secondary
13	北碚区Beibei district	须家河组 Xujiahe Group	10	30	20	5.1	16.60	17.4	1.14	45.00	47.3	7.125	三 Third
14	北碚区Beibei district	沙溪庙组 Shaximiao Group	15	25	25	7.9	10.00	20.8	0.61	1.20	50.5	6.375	四 Fourth
15	北碚区Beibei district	沙溪庙组 Shaximiao Group	25	15	15	4.9	10.60	28.8	0.65	6.10	44.4	5.625	五 Fifth
16	綦江区Qijiang district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	5	40	20	6.8	12.20	12.9	0.80	29.00	39.6	9.300	一 First
17	綦江区Qijiang district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	12	40	20	7.4	14.40	22.6	1.25	5.50	122.0	6.00	二 Secondary
18	綦江区Qijiang district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	10	35	20	5.2	16.90	18.3	1.10	104.00	42.2	5.250	三 Third
19	綦江区Qijiang district	沙溪庙组 Shaximiao Group	12	40	25	5.3	16.80	12.7	0.64	19.00	43.6	4.500	四 Fourth
20	綦江区Qijiang district	页岩、沙岩风化物Shale, sandstone weathering	25	20	20	4.4	18.70	0.084	0.97	139.00	75.0	4.120	五 Fifth
21	江津区Jiangjin district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	5	30	15	6.5	14.00	28.6	1.20	2.10	60.1	6.375	一 First
22	江津区Jiangjin district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	5	40	19	7.6	12.90	21.5	1.02	6.30	72.1	6.000	二 Secondary
23	江津区Jiangjin district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	10	40	20	6.7	10.50	15.8	0.75	1.40	111.0	5.250	三 Third
24	江津区Jiangjin district	侏罗纪沙溪庙组 Jurassic Shaximiao Group	15	30	20	5.4	21.10	16.6	1.14	14.00	46.6	4.500	四 Fourth
25	江津区Jiangjin district	页岩、沙岩风化物 Shale, sandstone weathering	15	30	20	7.1	16.30	14.1	1.17	0.00	86.2	4.125	五 Fifth
26	彭水县Pengshui county	巴东组紫色岩 Badong purple rock	5	45	20	7.3	19.60	11.5	1.30	3.90	60.2	9.750	一 First
27	彭水县Pengshui county	巴东组紫色岩 Badong purple rock	7	40	20	6.9	15.60	12.2	1.03	27.00	145.0	9.100	二 Secondary
28	彭水县Pengshui county	巴东组紫色岩 Badong purple rock	14	30	20	6.0	14.00	16.5	1.08	7.50	37.1	7.750	三 Third
29	彭水县Pengshui county	巴东组紫色岩 Badong purple rock	16	20	20	5.5	9.64	25.4	1.23	8.90	87.0	6.000	四 Fourth
30	彭水县Pengshui county	巴东组紫色岩Badong purple rock	22	20	20	7.1	23.40	10.4	1.54	3.50	48.3	5.550	五 Fifth

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 1

Table 5

Table 6

Slope plowland - crop coordination diagnosis based on different geotechnical grade"

地力等级 Productivity grade of cultivated land	行政区域 Administrative region	CCE	PCE	C	T	C_d	CCE / PCE	农作物-耕层耦合协调特征Crop-plough layer coupling coordination properties	适宜程度 Suitability
一 First	万州区 Wanzhou district	0.8668	0.6105	0.4924	0.7386	0.6031	1.4198	良好协调农作物耕层同步型 Good coordination of crop plough synchronization	中度适宜Moderately suitable
	云阳县Yunyang Country	1.0000	0.7038	0.4924	0.8519	0.6477	1.4209	良好协调农作物耕层同步型Good coordination of crop plough synchronization	中度适宜Moderately suitable
	北碚区 Beibei district	0.8668	0.5304	0.4853	0.6986	0.5822	1.6342	基本协调耕层滞后型 Basic coordination of ploughing	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	綦江区Qijiang district	0.9201	0.5145	0.4796	0.7173	0.5865	1.7883	基本协调耕层滞后型 Basic coordination of ploughing	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	江津区Jiangjin district	0.4005	0.4253	0.4998	0.4129	0.4543	0.9417	基本协调农作物耕层同步型 Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	彭水县Pengshui County	1.0000	0.6469	0.4884	0.8235	0.6342	1.5458	良好协调耕层滞后型 Good coordination of ploughing	中度适宜Moderately suitable
二 Secondary	万州区 Wanzhou district	0.4671	0.5446	0.4985	0.5059	0.5022	0.8577	基本协调农作物耕层同步型 Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	云阳县Yunyang Country	0.9112	0.6176	0.4907	0.7644	0.6124	1.4754	良好协调农作物耕层同步型 Good coordination of crop plough synchronization	中度适宜Moderately suitable
	北碚区 Beibei district	0.6670	0.5408	0.4973	0.6039	0.5480	1.2334	基本协调农作物耕层同步型Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	綦江区Qijiang district	0.3339	0.5619	0.4835	0.4479	0.4654	0.5942	基本协调农作物滞后型 Basic coordination of crop lag	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	江津区Jiangjin district	0.3339	0.5363	0.4863	0.4351	0.4600	0.6226	基本协调农作物滞后型 Basic coordination of crop lag	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	彭水县Pengshui County	0.8845	0.5839	0.4894	0.7342	0.5994	1.5148	基本协调耕层滞后型 Basic coordination of ploughing	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
三 Third	万州区 Wanzhou district	0.2007	0.5006	0.4520	0.3507	0.3981	0.4009	濒临失调耕层损益型 On the verge of loss of plough layer	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
	云阳县Yunyang Country	0.6892	0.7507	0.4995	0.7199	0.5997	0.9181	基本协调农作物耕层同步型 Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	中度适宜Moderately suitable
	北碚区 Beibei district	0.5337	0.5286	0.5000	0.5312	0.5154	1.0096	基本协调农作物耕层同步型Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	綦江区Qijiang district	0.2007	0.5730	0.4383	0.3868	0.4118	0.3503	基本协调耕层滞后型 Basic coordination of ploughing	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	江津区Jiangjin district	0.2007	0.4622	0.4595	0.3315	0.3902	0.4342	濒临失调耕层损益型 On the verge of loss of plough layer	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
	彭水县Pengshui County	0.6448	0.4543	0.4924	0.5495	0.5202	1.4193	基本协调农作物耕层同步型Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
地力等级 Productivity grade of cultivated land	行政区域 Administrative region	CCE	PCE	C	T	C_d	CCE / PCE	农作物-耕层耦合协调特征Crop-plough layer coupling coordination properties	适宜程度 Suitability
四 Fourth	万州区 Wanzhou district	0.0675	0.1489	0.4633	0.1082	0.2239	0.4533	濒临失调农作物耕层共损型 On the verge of a total loss of topsoil offset crop type	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
	云阳县Yunyang Country	0.4227	0.4282	0.5000	0.4255	0.4612	0.9872	基本协调农作物耕层同步型Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	北碚区 Beibei district	0.4005	0.5110	0.4963	0.4558	0.4756	0.7838	基本协调农作物耕层同步型Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
	綦江区Qijiang district	0.0675	0.6043	0.3006	0.3359	0.3178	0.1117	濒临失调农作物损益型 Type of crop losses on the verge of disorder	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
	江津区Jiangjin district	0.0675	0.5196	0.3190	0.2936	0.3060	0.1299	濒临失调农作物损益型 Type of crop losses on the verge of disorder	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
	彭水县Pengshui County	0.3339	0.4105	0.4974	0.3722	0.4302	0.8134	基本协调农作物耕层同步型Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜Marginally suitable
五 Fifth	万州区 Wanzhou district	0.0675	0.3094	0.3834	0.1884	0.2688	0.2182	濒临失调农作物损益型 Type of crop losses on the verge of disorder	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
	云阳县Yunyang Country	0.2007	0.3099	0.4884	0.2553	0.3531	0.6476	濒临失调农作物耕层共损型 On the verge of a total loss of topsoil offset crop type	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
	北碚区 Beibei district	0.2673	0.1285	0.4682	0.1979	0.3044	2.0802	濒临失调农作物耕层共损型 On the verge of a total loss of topsoil offset crop type	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
	綦江区Qijiang district	0.0000	0.4223	0.0000	0.2111	0.0000	0.0000	失调衰退农作物损益型Disadvantaged decline crop profit and loss type	高度不适宜Highly unsuitable
	江津区Jiangjin district	0.0009	0.4978	0.0422	0.2493	0.1025	0.0018	失调衰退农作物损益型Disadvantaged decline crop profit and loss type	高度不适宜Highly unsuitable
	彭水县Pengshui County	0.2540	0.5171	0.4700	0.3855	0.4257	0.4912	基本协调农作物损益型 Basic coordination of crop losses and benefits	勉强适宜Marginally suitable

Table 6

Table 7

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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目标层 Target layer	准则层 Criteria layer	指标层（x_i）Indicator layer (x_i)				综合权重Comprehensive weight
目标层 Target layer	准则层 Criteria layer	1级指标 Level 1 indicator	权重 Weights	2级指标 Level 2 indicator	权重 Weights	综合权重Comprehensive weight
农作物-耕层耦合协调度 Crop-plough layer coupling coordination degree	农作物综合评价指数Crop comprehensive evaluation index（CCE）	产量特征 Yield properties	1	作物产量 Crop yield	1	1
	耕层综合评价指数Topsoil comprehensive evaluation index（PCE）	物理特性 Physical properties	0.5	田面坡度 Slope	0.2970	0.1485
				有效土层厚度 Effective thickness of soil layer	0.1634	0.0817
				耕层厚度 Topsoil thickness	0.5396	0.2698
		化学特性 Chemical properties	0.5	土壤有机质 Soil organic matter	0.3452	0.1726
				阳离子交换量 Cation exchange capacity	0.0888	0.0444
				土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen	0.2441	0.1220
				土壤有效磷 Soil effective phosphate	0.1551	0.0776
				土壤速效钾 Soil available potassium	0.0691	0.0345
				pH	0.0977	0.0498

序号 No.	耦合协调度（C_d） Coupling coordination degree (C_d)	农作物-耕层耦合协调特征 Crop-plough layer coupling coordination properties	适宜程度 Suitability
1	0<C_d≤0.2	失调衰退型Offset decline	高度不适宜Highly unsuitable
2	0.2<C_d≤0.4	濒临失调型Endangered	中度不适宜Moderately inappropriate
3	0.4<C_d≤0.6	基本协调型Basic coordination	勉强适宜Basically suitable
4	0.6<C_d≤0.8	良好协调型Good coordination	中度适宜Moderately suitable
5	0.8<C_d≤1.0	高度协调型Highly coordinated	高度适宜Highly suitable

地力等级 Productivity grade of cultivated land		土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量Cation exchange Capacity (cmol(+)·L^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Effective phosphate (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	pH	田面坡度Slope (°)	有效土层厚度Effective thickness of soil layer (cm)	作物产量 Crop yield (t·hm^-2)
一 First	耕作层 Tillage layer	0-20	15.38	24.2	1.01	12.40	70.3	6.4	5	38	8.860
	心土层 Heart layer	20-38	9.59	22.4	0.75	5.13	54.5	7.0
	底土层Subsoil	>38	7.85	16.6	0.97	3.60	56.5	7.4
二 Secondary	耕作层 Tillage layer	0-21	12.47	21.6	0.93	10.29	100.7	6.8	7	43	7.500
	心土层 Heart layer	21-43	9.14	21.2	0.72	10.29	80.5	7.2
	底土层Subsoil	>43	6.24	21.6	0.56	4.45	71.8	7.4
三 Third	耕作层 Tillage layer	0-21	14.60	17.8	1.06	27.73	77.3	6.5	11	38	6.440
	心土层 Heart layer	21-38	8.85	15.5	0.70	3.99	67.9	6.8
	底土层Subsoil	>38	7.59	16.0	0.67	4.00	72.9	6.6
四 Fourth	耕作层 Tillage layer	0-21	12.81	20.0	0.79	9.47	56.2	6.0	15	29	5.400
	心土层 Heart layer	21-37	11.00	15.1	0.68	7.07	48.6	5.7
	底土层Subsoil	>37	7.79	16.5	0.55	3.35	53.4	5.4
五 Fifth	耕作层 Tillage layer	0-19	14.04	16.8	0.93	25.92	79.3	6.6	22	21	4.860
	心土层 Heart layer	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	底土层Subsoil	>19	15.10	7.6	0.91	62.10	68.6	5.9

分类 Sort	统计值 Statistics	田面坡度Slope (°)	有效土层厚度Effective thickness of soil layer (cm)	耕层厚度Topsoil thickness (cm)	pH	有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量Cation exchange Capacity (cmol(+)·L^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Effective phosphate (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	作物产量 Crop yield (t·hm^-2)
I类 Class I	均值 Average value	12	33	20	6.4	13.89	21.0	0.95	10.07	62.1	6.640
	标准差 Standard deviation	6.7	9.84	2.73	1.07	4.24	6.79	0.27	10.39	17.69	1.83
	变异系数Coefficient of variation (%)	57.7	29.86	13.65	16.77	30.53	32.35	28.42	103.18	28.47	27.56
II类 Class II	均值 Average value	11	38	22	7.3	12.45	20.4	0.90	8.40	136.5	7.140
	标准差 Standard deviation	4.8	9.83	2.35	0.80	5.22	5.69	0.37	9.29	24.42	1.87
	变异系数Coefficient of variation (%)	42.4	25.65	10.93	11.03	41.93	27.86	41.11	110.60	17.89	26.19
III类 Class III	均值 Average value	18	28	20	4.8	17.80	9.2	1.04	121.50	58.6	4.690
	标准差 Standard deviation	10.6	10.61	0.00	0.57	1.27	12.88	0.09	24.75	23.19	0.80
	变异系数Coefficient of variation (%)	60.6	38.58	0.00	11.88	7.13	140.15	8.65	20.37	39.57	17.06
适宜性特征值^[17,21] Suitability eigenvalue		—	40-60	20-25	—	8.99-22.8	21.1-32.1	0.66-1.02	6.3-18	—	—

类型 Sort	CCE	PCE	C	T	C_d	CCE / PCE	农作物-耕层耦合协调特征Crop-plough layer coupling coordination properties	适宜程度 Suitability
I类 Class I	0.4478	0.4824	0.4997	0.4651	0.4820	0.9283	基本协调农作物耕层同步型Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜 Marginally suitable
II类 Class II	0.5367	0.5477	0.5000	0.5422	0.5207	0.9799	基本协调农作物耕层同步型Basic coordination of crop plough synchronization	勉强适宜 Marginally suitable
III类 Class III	0.1004	0.4976	0.3737	0.2990	0.3343	0.2018	濒临失调耕层损益型 On the verge of loss of plough layer	中度不适宜 Moderately inappropriate

Coupling Degree Diagnosis on Suitability Evaluation of Cultivated-Layer Quality for Slope Farmland in Purple Hilly Region of South-Western China

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