耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用及 籽粒产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This research was conducted to explore the effects of tillage practices and irrigation times on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil, and to identify an optimal tillage and irrigation combination mode of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil with high yield and water use efficiency simultaneously. 【Method】The two-factor split plot experiment was persistently performed in the lime concretion black soil in the southeast area of Henan province during two continuous winter wheat growing seasons (2015-2017). In this experiment, the two tillage practice treatments, including rotary tillage (RT) and subsoiling (SS), were set as the main treatment. The three soil moisture treatments, including twice irrigation at jointing and anthesis, once irrigation at jointing, no irrigation, expressed as W2, W1, W0, respectively, were set as secondary treatment, deeply exploring the effects of tillage practices and irrigation times and their interaction effects on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil. 【Result】 Tillage and irrigation had obvious regulation effects on water consumption characteristics, water use efficiency and grain yield of wheat in lime concretion black soil. Compared with RT, SS could significantly increase soil water storage consumption, which was beneficial to increase the utilization efficiency of precipitation and irrigation water, and the soil water storage consumption, precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency increased by 13.69%, 7.03%, 6.51% in two-year degrees, respectively. Although increasing irrigation could significantly promote water consumption in winter wheat fields, excessive irrigation resulted in lower water use efficiency. Compared with W1 and W0, the average soil water storage consumption and water use efficiency of W2 decreased by 18.85% and 16.69% in two-year degrees, respectively. The grain yield of SS treatment was significantly higher than that of RT treatment and the yield of the combination treatment subsoiling, and once irrigation at jointing (SSW1) was the highest. Under the same tillage practice, the 1000-grain weight decreased and the number of grains per spike increased with the increase of irrigation times. The variation of grain number per spike in the two years increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of irrigation times. The tillage practice mainly affected the final yield by regulating 1000-grain weight and the irrigation times mainly affected the yield by regulating the grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight, but excessive irrigation would resist the increase of grain number and 1000-grain weight. 【Conclusion】Based on the regulating effects of tillage practices and irrigation times on water use efficiency and grain yield, the SSW1 treatment could help synchronously to improve the grain yield and water use efficiency. This can be an optimal model of tillage and irrigation combination treatment of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil area of southeast Henan province.

Key words: winter wheat, tillage practice, irrigation times, water use efficiency, grain yield

WANG YongHua,LIU Huan,XIN MingHua,HUANG Yuan,WANG ZhuangZhuang,WANG JinFeng,DUAN JianZhao,FENG Wei,KANG GuoZhang,GUO TianCai. Effects of Tillage Practices and Irrigation Times on Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Lime Concretion Black Soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 801-812.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	时间 Time	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	时间 Time	0—20 cm	20—40 cm	40—60 cm	60—80 cm	80—100 cm
2015-2016	SS	耕作前Before tillage	1.38	1.44	1.42	1.55	1.67
	SS	收获后 After harvesting	1.37	1.47	1.39	1.45	1.57
	RT	耕作前 Before tillage	1.43	1.53	1.45	1.55	1.67
	RT	收获后 After harvesting	1.48	1.46	1.25	1.51	1.64
2016-2017	SS	耕作前 Before tillage	1.36	1.46	1.40	1.44	1.58
	SS	收获后 After harvesting	1.44	1.50	1.41	1.52	1.62
	RT	耕作前 Before tillage	1.50	1.48	1.35	1.51	1.63
	RT	收获后 After harvesting	1.49	1.52	1.43	1.57	1.65

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	田间持水量 Field water-holding capacity (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	0-20 cm	20-40 cm	40-60 cm	60-80 cm	80-100 cm
2015-2016	SS	34.26	33.35	32.29	31.36	28.27
2015-2016	RT	34.02	33.17	31.86	29.66	26.91
2016-2017	SS	34.19	34.03	32.26	29.71	27.57
2016-2017	RT	33.50	33.43	31.39	29.23	28.42

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		基本苗数 Basic seeding number (10⁴·hm^-2)	土壤含水量 Soil moisture content (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		基本苗数 Basic seeding number (10⁴·hm^-2)	0-20 cm	20-40 cm	40-60 cm	60-80 cm	80-100 cm
2015-2016	旋耕RT	W0	251.04	32.87	33.66	31.8	25.38	22.32
		W1	258.84	32.87	33.66	31.8	25.38	22.32
		W2	278.11	32.87	33.66	31.8	25.38	22.32
	深松SS	W0	283.1	31.89	32.73	30.64	23.96	20.5
		W1	285.37	31.89	32.73	30.64	23.96	20.5
		W2	308.11	31.89	32.73	30.64	23.96	20.5
2016-2017	旋耕RT	W0	331.42	31.85	32.62	30.81	24.6	21.63
		W1	337.1	31.77	32.54	30.74	24.53	21.57
		W2	338.81	32.55	33.34	31.5	25.14	22.1
	深松SS	W0	333.12	30.42	31.22	29.22	22.86	19.55
		W1	339.37	31.91	32.75	30.66	23.98	20.51
		W2	344.3	31.91	32.75	30.66	23.98	20.51

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		总地下水补给水量 Total groundwater replenishment (kg·hm^-2)	播种-拔节地下水补给水量 Sowing-jointing groundwater replenishment (kg·hm^-2)	拔节-开花地下水补给水量 Jointing-anthesis groundwater replenishment (kg·hm^-2)	开花-成熟地下水补给水量 Anthesis-maturity groundwater replenishment (kg·hm^-2)
2015-2016	旋耕RT	W0	27.15	71.85	36.3	-81
		W1	27	67.95	36.75	-77.7
		W2	27.15	67.95	36.9	-77.85
	深松SS	W0	27	55.65	30.15	-58.8
		W1	27	49.2	32.7	-54.9
		W2	27.15	52.8	31.35	-57
2016-2017	旋耕RT	W0	146.4	76.65	131.25	-61.5
		W1	152.85	82.95	104.1	-34.2
		W2	153.15	82.95	40.5	29.7
	深松SS	W0	182.25	107.25	183	-108
		W1	185.85	106.8	277.95	-198.9
		W2	189.45	110.7	160.5	-81.75

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm·hm^-2)	降雨量 Precipitation (mm·hm^-2)	灌水量 Irrigation content (mm·hm^-2)	土壤贮水消耗量 Soil water consumption (mm·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	土壤水分利用效率 WUE_S (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	降水水分利用效率 WUE_P (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	灌水利用效率 WUE_I (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
2015- 2016	旋耕 RT	W0	5867.25f	4219.50	0	1647.75c	16.09b	72.15ab	20.71d	0
2015- 2016		W1	8210.70d	4219.50	1125	1741.2bc	16.57b	73.08a	25.88b	124.53b
		W2	9310.50b	4219.50	2250	1716.15bc	13.26d	68.40cd	23.29c	56.05d
	深松 SS	W0	6098.85e	4219.50	0	1879.35ab	16.59b	62.96e	22.53c	0
		W1	8429.25c	4219.50	1125	1959.9a	17.25a	70.36bc	27.59a	132.79a
		W2	9470.55a	4219.50	2250	1876.2ab	14.29c	67.10d	25.71b	61.85c
	耕作T		24.65***			24.65***	22.54***	44.83***	56.40***	18.68***
	灌水I		2410.79***			1.53	155.01***	17.02***	126.19***	4703.09***
	耕作×灌水T×I		0.29			0.29	1.01	13.62***	0.68	5.1*
2016- 2017	旋耕RT	W0	6967.35f	5542.50	0	1553.85e	16.69b	59.48bc	23.21e	0
2016- 2017		W1	9580.20d	5542.50	1125	1916.85c	17.04ab	69.44a	28.61b	107.30b
		W2	10632.15b	5542.50	2250	1843.8d	13.81c	65.88ab	26.79c	50.24c
	深松SS	W0	7350.90e	5542.50	0	1937.4c	17.18ab	55.80c	24.83d	0
		W1	9786.60c	5542.50	1125	2123.1a	17.47a	65.20ab	30.24a	113.44a
		W2	10861.95a	5542.50	2250	2073.75b	14.08c	62.90b	27.85b	52.22c
	耕作T		443.3***			443.3***	5.02*	5.13*	31.29***	18.34***
	灌水I		26889.15***			164.18***	139.93***	12.78***	149.69***	10165.77***
	耕作×灌水T×I		18.32***			18.32***	0.13	0.05	0.55	8.20**

Effects of Tillage Practices and Irrigation Times on Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Lime Concretion Black Soil

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年份 Year	处理 Treatments		播种-拔节 Sowing-Jointing		拔节-开花 Jointing-Anthesis		开花-成熟 Anthesis-Maturity		总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm·hm^-2)
年份 Year	处理 Treatments		耗水量 Water consumption (mm·hm^-2)	占比 percent (%)	耗水量 Water consumption (mm·hm^-2)	占比 Percent (%)	耗水量 Water consumption (mm·hm^-2)	占比 Percent (%)	总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm·hm^-2)
2015-2016	旋耕RT	W0	2308.65a	39.35a	1230.90b	20.98c	2327.70c	39.67c	5867.25f
		W1	2323.65a	28.30b	2301.45a	28.03a	3585.60b	43.68b	8210.7c
		W2	2338.65a	25.12c	2284.20a	24.53b	4687.50a	50.35a	9310.50b
	深松SS	W0	2462.85a	40.37a	1238.40b	20.32c	2397.45c	39.31c	6098.85e
		W1	2463.60a	29.21b	2354.10a	27.93a	3612.15b	42.86b	8429.25c
		W2	2471.25a	26.00c	2291.10a	24.19b	4716.60a	49.81a	9470.55a
	耕作T		13.31**	6.92*	0.84	0.97	4.93*	3.44	24.65***
	灌水I		0.05	585.01***	859.91***	127.7***	5147.75***	400.14***	2410.79***
	耕作×灌水T×I		0.05	0.02	0.39	0.19	0.55	0.18	0.29
2016-2017	旋耕RT	W0	3148.35d	45.19b	1611.60e	23.13c	2207.40c	31.68c	6967.35f
		W1	3424.95bc	35.75c	2768.25b	28.90a	3386.85b	35.35b	9580.20d
		W2	3461.10b	32.55d	2647.05c	24.90b	4524.00a	42.55a	10632.15b
	深松SS	W0	3374.70c	45.91a	1738.65d	23.65c	2237.55c	30.44d	7350.90e
		W1	3444.30bc	35.19c	2881.80a	29.45a	3460.50b	35.36b	9786.60c
		W2	3558.00a	32.76d	2734.05b	25.17b	4569.90a	42.07a	10861.95a
	耕作T		29.36***	0.42	32.83***	3.64	5.53*	4.75*	443.3***
	灌水I		48.61***	1755.29***	1451.58***	212.67***	3998.29***	624.94***	26889.15***
	耕作×灌水T×I		8.22**	3.93*	0.38	0.14	0.36	1.92	18.32***

年份 Years	处理 Treatment		成穗数 Spike number (10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number per spike	千粒重 1000 grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2015-2016	旋耕RT	W0	497.4b	38.70ab	45.41ab	6528.60e
		W1	536.77ab	37.45bc	41.69cd	8046.90b
		W2	534.39ab	35.6c	40.51d	7536.15c
	深松SS	W0	536.18ab	38.92ab	46.35a	6984.60d
		W1	569.49a	40.48a	43.56bc	8507.85a
		W2	573.53a	37.59bc	42.07cd	7833.30b
	耕作T		5.521*	8.926*	8.49*	31.29***
	灌水I		2.438	6.881*	29.825**	149.69***
	耕作×灌水T×I		0.018	1.967	0.299	0.55
2016-2017	旋耕RT	W0	659.88c	30.87c	42.74ab	7474.23d
		W1	717.78abc	36.34a	39.97cd	9339.25b
		W2	726.12ab	33.71b	38.22d	8407.08c
	深松SS	W0	683.98bc	29.43c	44.94a	8129.27c
		W1	732.83ab	36.67a	41.20bc	9958.63a
		W2	770.82a	33.50b	40.01cd	9277.32b
	耕作T		3.22	0.43	6.59*	56.40***
	灌水I		8.46**	29.97***	16.92**	126.19***
	耕作×灌水T×I		0.32	0.61	0.18	0.68

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