Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (21): 4169-4176.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.015

;

• SPECIAL FOCUS: SWINE FEVER AND AFRICAN SWINE FEVER • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Eradication of Classical Swine Fever in China: Is It Far Away?

Yuan SUN(),HuaJi QIU()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin 150069
  • Received:2018-01-24 Accepted:2018-05-04 Online:2018-11-01 Published:2018-11-01
  • Contact: Yuan SUN,HuaJi QIU E-mail:sunyuan@caas.cn;qiuhuaji@caas.cn

RichHTML

15

PDF

474

Abstract:

Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is one of the most devastating diseases to the pig industry worldwide from both economic and sanitary points of view. CSF is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and classified as a List-I animal infectious disease in China. The National Middle- to Long-Term Plan for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases (2012-2020) has listed CSF as one of five priority animal diseases to be prevented. C-strain, a lapinized attenuated live vaccine developed by Chinese scientists in the 1950s, is highly safe and efficacious, which plays an important role in the control and eradication of CSF all over the world. Up to now, CSF has been eradicated in more than 30 countries and regions in the world. CSF has a high consequence on the pork industry in China. Therefore, we must be committed to eradicate CSF in China. In the middle of the last century, China had put forward a strategy to eradicate CSF. Now sixty years have passed, however, CSF is still endemic in most parts of China. Some factors seriously restrict the eradication of CSF in China, such as vast territory, complex pig-raising environment, diversified pig-raising modes, various animal diseases, and low-level biosecurity measures, etc. At present, China has entered a new era, the overall national strength has grown considerably, the breeding industry is developing towards a scientific, large-scale and environment-friendly direction, and the scientific research is being gradually improved. The current prevalence of CSF is pretty low and the vaccine manufacturing technologies are being improved. New CSF marker vaccines and companion differential diagnosis techniques have been developed. Some pig-raising enterprises in China are also aware of the importance and significance of the eradication of CSF. The government is also actively taking actions to formulate corresponding regulations and policies and to organize farmers, pig-raising enterprises and veterinary administrative departments to carry out local CSF eradication. All these make the eradication of CSF possible and practical. This review summarized the recent situation concerning CSF in China and the world. The importance of the eradication of CSF in China and the favorable and unfavorable conditions for the eradication of CSF were discussed. The cost and benefit of the eradication of CSF in China was also analyzed. This review also summarized the eradication experiences of CSF in Europe and USA and discussed the ideas and plans for the eradication of CSF in China. Considering its historical inevitability, strategic necessity, realistic possibility, and technical feasibility, we believe that the eventual eradication of CSF in China is never so far away from us.

Key words: classical swine fever, classical swine fever virus, eradication, China

Table 1

Global distribution of CSFV subgenotypes"

猪瘟病毒基因型
Genotypes of CSFV		 国家
Countries
1.1 阿根廷、巴西、哥伦比亚、墨西哥、意大利、俄罗斯、印度、中国
Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Italy, Russia Federation, India, China
1.3 洪都拉斯、危地马拉Honduras, Guatemala
1.4 古巴Cuba
2.1 南非、德国、荷兰、意大利、西班牙、比利时、克罗地亚、立陶宛、以色列、印度、韩国、中国、老挝
South Africa, Germany, The Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Croatia, Lithuania, Israel, India, South Korea, China, Laos
2.2 德国、意大利、捷克、马其顿、印度、尼泊尔、老挝、中国
Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, India, Nepal, Laos, China
2.3 意大利、克罗地亚、法国、罗马尼亚、保加利亚、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、捷克、俄罗斯、中国
Italy, Croatia, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Russia Federation, China
3.2 韩国South Korea
3.4 中国台湾Taiwan of China

Table 2

The procedure and cost of CSF vaccine immunization"

类别
Classes		 免疫次数（次）
Vaccination times (times)		 免疫剂量（头份）
Immunizing dose (unit per pig)		 疫苗成本1)（元）
Cost of vaccine (RMB)		 人工成本1)（元）
Cost of labor (RMB)
母猪Sow 2-4 4 3200 200
仔猪Piglets 2 2 38400 960
公猪Boar 2-4 4 100 80
合计Total 41700 1240

Fig. 1

Diagram of classical swine fever eradication by using marker vaccines"

[1] MOENNIG V . Introduction to classical swine fever: virus, disease and control policy. Veterinary Microbiology, 2000,73:93-102.
doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00137-1 pmid: 10785320
[2] EDWARDS S, FUKUSHO A, LEFÈVRE PC, LIPOWSKI A, PEJSAK Z, ROEHE P, WESTERGAARD J . Classical swine fever: the global situation. Veterinary Microbiology, 2000,73(2/3):103-119.
doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00138-3 pmid: 10785321
[3] MOENNIG V, FLOEGEL-NIESMANN G, GREISER-WILKE I . Clinical signs and epidemiology of classical swine fever: A review of new knowledge. Veterinary Journal, 2003,165(1):11-20.
doi: 10.1016/S1090-0233(02)00112-0 pmid: 12618065
[4] 仇华吉, 童光志, 沈荣显 . 猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗-半个世纪的回顾. 中国农业科学, 2005,38(8):1675-1685.
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2005.08.026
QIU H J, TONG G Z, SEN R X . The lapinized Chinese strain of classical swine fever virus: a retrospective review spanning half a century. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2005,38(8):1675-1685. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2005.08.026
[5] RIOS L, CORONADO L, NARANJO-FELICIANO D, MARTíNEZ- PÉREZ O, PERERA C L, HERNANDEZ-ALVAREZ L, DíAZ D E ARCE H, NÚñEZ J I, GANGES L, PÉREZ L J . Deciphering the emergence, genetic diversity and evolution of classical swine fever virus. Scientific Reports, 2017,7(1):17887.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18196-y pmid: 5738429
[6] POSTEL A, MOENNIG V, BECHER P . Classical swine fever in Europe-The current situation. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 2013,126(11-12):468-475.
doi: 10.2376/0005-9366-126-468 pmid: 24511821
[7] BEER M, GOLLER KV, STAUBACH C, BLOME S . Genetic variability and distribution of classical swine fever virus. Animal Health Research Reviews, 2015,16(1):33-39.
doi: 10.1017/S1466252315000109 pmid: 26050570
[8] POSTEL A, AUSTERMANN-BUSCH S, PETROV A, MOENNIG V, BECHER P .Epidemiology,diagnosis and control of classical swine fever: Recent developments and future challenges.Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2017 Aug 10. doi: 10. 1111/tbed. 12676.
doi: 10.1111/tbed.12676
[9] 涂长春 . 猪瘟国际流行态势、我国现状及防制对策. 中国农业科学, 2003,36(8):955-960.
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2003.08.017
TU C C . Prevalence situation and control strategies of classical swine fever in the world and China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2003,36(8):955-960. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2003.08.017
[10] OIE . WAHID home page. . 2016.
[11] PATON D J, MCGOLDRICK A, GREISER-WILKE I, PARCHARIYANON S, SONG J Y, LIOU P P, STADEJEK T, LOWINGS J P, BJöRKLUND H, BELáK S . Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus. Veterinary Microbiology, 2000,73(2/3):137-157.
doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00141-3 pmid: 10785324
[12] BLACKSELL S D, KHOUNSY S, BOYLE D B, GLEESON L J, WESTBURY H A, MACKENZIE J S . Genetic typing of classical swine fever viruses from Lao PDR by analysis of the 5' non-coding region. Virus Genes, 2005,31(3):349-355.
doi: 10.1007/s11262-005-3253-0 pmid: 16175340
[13] LI X, XU Z, HE Y, YAO Q, ZHANG K, JIN M, CHEN H, QIAN P . Genome comparison of a novel classical swine fever virus isolated in China in 2004 with other CSFV strains. Virus Genes, 2006,33(2):133-142.
doi: 10.1007/s11262-005-0048-2 pmid: 16972026
[14] POSTEL A, SCHMEISER S, BERNAU J, MEINDL-BOEHMER A, PRIDOTKAS G, DIRBAKOVA Z, MOJZIS M, BECHER P . Improved strategy for phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus based on full-length E2 encoding sequences. Veterinary Research, 2012,43:50.
doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-50 pmid: 22676246
[15] POSTEL A, SCHMEISER S, PERERA C L, RODRíGUEZ L J, FRIAS-LEPOUREAU M T, BECHER P . Classical swine fever virus isolates from Cuba form a new subgenotype 1.4. Veterinary Microbiology, 2013,161(3/4):334-338.
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.045 pmid: 22902191
[16] LUO Y, JI S, LEI J L, XIANG G T, LIU Y, GAO Y, MENG X Y, ZHENG G, ZHANG E Y, WANG Y, DU M L, LI Y, LI S, HE X J, SUN Y, QIU H J . Efficacy evaluation of the C-strain-based vaccines against the subgenotype 2.1d classical swine fever virus emerging in China.italic>Veterinary Microbiology, 2017, 201:154-161.
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.012
[17] LUO Y, LI S, SUN Y, QIU H-J . Classical swine fever in China: A minireview. Veterinary Microbiology, 2014,172(1/2):1-6.
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.004 pmid: 24793098
[18] TITOV I, TSYBANOV S, MALOGOLOVKIN A . Genotyping of classical swine fever virus using high-resolution melt analysis. Journal of Virological Methods, 2015,224:53-57.
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.012 pmid: 26300371
[19] GONG W, WU J, LU Z, ZHANG L, QIN S, CHEN F, PENG Z, WANG Q, MA L, BAI A, GUO H, SHI J, TU C . Genetic diversity of subgenotype 2.1 isolates of classical swine fever virus.Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2016, 41:218-226.
doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.002 pmid: 27085291
[20] ZHANG H, LENG C, FENG L, ZHAI H, CHEN J, LIU C, BAI Y, YE C, PENG J, AN T, KAN Y, CAI X, TIAN Z, TONG G . A new subgenotype 2.1d isolates of classical swine fever virus in China,2014. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2015, 34:94-105.
doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.05.031 pmid: 26031602
[21] DEWULF J, KOENEN F, MINTIENS K, DENIS P, RIBBENS S, DE KRUIF A . Analytical performance of several classical swine fever laboratory diagnostic techniques on live animals for detection of infection. Journal of Virological Methods, 2004,119(2):137-143.
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.03.010 pmid: 15158595
[22] MUñOZ-GONZáLEZ S, RUGGLI N, ROSELL R, PÉREZ L J, FRíAS-LEUPOREAU M T, FRAILE L, MONTOYA M, CORDOBA L, DOMINGO M, EHRENSPERGER F, SUMMERFIELD A, GANGES L . Postnatal persistent infection with classical Swine Fever virus and its immunological implications. PLoS ONE, 2015,10(5):e0125692.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125692 pmid: 25938664
[23] 王琴, 涂长春. 猪瘟. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2015.
WANG Q, TU C C . Classical Swine Fever. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2015. (in Chinese)
[24] 国家统计局. 中华人民共和国国民经济与社会发展报告. 2017 .
National Bureau of Statistics of China. Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the National Economic and Social Development. 2017, (in Chinese)
[25] DONG X N, CHEN Y H . Marker vaccine strategies and candidate CSFV marker vaccines. Vaccine, 2007,25(2):205-230.
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.033 pmid: 16934915
[26] REIMANN I, DEPNER K, UTKE K, LEIFER I, LANGE E, BEER M . Characterization of a new chimeric marker vaccine candidate with a mutated antigenic E2-epitope. Veterinary Microbiology, 2010,142(1/2):45-50.
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.042 pmid: 19892497
[27] HOLINKA L G, FERNANDEZ-SAINZ I, SANFORD B, O'DONNELL V, GLADUE D P, CARLSON J, LU Z, RISATTI G R, BORCA M V . Development of an improved live attenuated antigenic marker CSF vaccine strain candidate with an increased genetic stability. Virology, 2014, 471-473:13-18.
doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.021 pmid: 25461526
[28] VANDEPUTTE J, CHAPPUIS G . Classical swine fever: the European experience and a guide for infected areas. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics), 1999,18(3):638-647.
doi: 10.20506/rst.18.3.1192 pmid: 10588007
[29] RIBBENS S, DEWULF J, KOENEN F, LAEVENS H, DE KRUIF A . Transmission of classical swine fever. A review. The Veterinary Quarterly, 2004,26(4):146-155.
doi: 10.1080/01652176.2004.9695177 pmid: 15663211
[30] 王飞 . 中国养猪业当前存在的问题及未来的大趋势. 猪业科学, 2017,34(5):128
WANG F . The current problems and future trend of pig industry in China. Swine Industry Science, 2017,34(5):128. (in Chinese)
[31] 甘孟侯 . 目前我国猪传染病的流行特点及防治对策. 兽医导刊, 2010,7:28-30.
GAN M H . Epidemic characteristics and control strategy of swine infectious diseases in China. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2010,7:28-30. (in Chinese)
[32] PASICK J . Application of DIVA vaccines and their companion diagnostic tests to foreign animal disease eradication. Animal Health Research Reviews, 2004,5(2):257-262.
doi: 10.1079/AHR200479 pmid: 15984335
[1] YUAN HaoLiang, NIE Jun, LI Peng, LU YanHong, LIAO YuLin, XU ChangXu, LI ZhongYi, CAO WeiDong, ZHANG JiangLin. Effects of Co-Utilization of Chinese Milk Vetch and Rice Straw on Soil Phosphorus Composition and Phosphorus Activation of Paddy Field in Southern China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(7): 1480-1491.
[2] GUO HuiTing, SUN YanWen, NIU YiHeng, LI YaPeng, LI JianHua, XU MingGang. Fertilization Significantly Changed Soil Bacterial Diversity and Dominant Microbial Community in Croplands of Northern China—Meta Analysis [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(1): 114-128.
[3] ZHANG HaoXin, YU ShengYue, LEI QiuLiang, DU XinZhong, ZHANG Jizong, AN MiaoYing, FAN BingQian, LUO JiaFa, LIU HongBin. Simulating Soil Organic Carbon Dynamic Changes in Dryland and Paddy Field of Northeast China Using RothC Model [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(8): 1564-1578.
[4] ZHAO TongTong, GU XiaoBo, TAN ChuanDong, YAN TingLin, LI XiaoYan, CHANG Tian, DU YaDan. Effects of Water-Nitrogen Coupling on the Mineralization of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen for Mulched Farmland Soils in the Arid Regions of Northwest China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(5): 929-942.
[5] ZHANG SiJia, YANG Jie, ZHAO Shuai, LI LiWei, WANG GuiYan. The Impact of Diversified Crops and Wheat-Maize Rotations on Soil Quality in the North China Plain [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(2): 238-251.
[6] YIN MinHao, CHEN ChiBo, LU YiHeng, TIAN Yun. China's Agricultural Carbon Emission Density: Spatiotemporal Characteristics, Dynamic Evolution, and Spatial Effect [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(18): 3710-3727.
[7] ZHANG Yang, GAO Yan, ZHANG Yan, HUANG DanDan, CHEN XueWen, ZHANG ShiXiu, LIANG AiZhen. Effects of Residue Return Methods on Nitrogen Mineralization and N-Cycling Functional Genes in Black Soil of Northeast China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(10): 1958-1968.
[8] TIAN Yun, WANG XiaoRui, YIN MinHao, ZHANG HuiJie. Re-Evaluation of China’s Agricultural Net Carbon Sink: Current Situation, Spatial-Temporal Pattern and Influencing Factors [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(22): 4507-4521.
[9] LONG HuaiYu, LU ChangAi, JI HongJie, ZHANG RenLian. A Retrieval System for Great Soil Groups from China’s Provisional Soil Classification System for the 3rd National Soil Census [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(21): 4264-4275.
[10] CHEN Shi, HUANG YinLan, JIN YunXiang, XU ChengLin, ZOU JinQiu. Agricultural Climatic Factors and Their Thresholds for Winter Wheat Cultivation in Northern China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(16): 3142-3153.
[11] YANG WangHua, LIU ZhiJuan, GONG JingJin, FU ZhenZhen, ZHANG TaiLin, ZHANG XiaoLong, SHEN YanJun, YANG XiaoGuang. Drought Risk for Spring Maize in the Future and Response to Climate Change in the Northeast China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(12): 2336-2349.
[12] WANG WenJun, LIANG AiZhen, ZHANG Yan, CHEN XueWen, HUANG DanDan. Model Simulation Research of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics of Long-Term Conservation Tillage in Black Soil [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(10): 1943-1960.
[13] BAI Bin, ZHANG HuaiZhi, DU JiuYuan, ZHANG XiaoYang, HE Rui, WU Ling, ZHANG Zhe, ZHANG YaoHui, CAO ShiQin, LIU ZhiYong. Current Situation and Strategy of Stripe Rust Resistance Genes Untilization in Winter Wheat Cultivars of Northwestern Oversummering Region for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(1): 4-17.
[14] ZHOU Ying, YANG Peng, WANG LiGang, LEI QiuLiang, ZHANG YaNan. Optimization Path of the Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Conservation Tillage in the Northeast Black Soil Region [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(22): 4478-4489.
[15] HOU LiangYu, ZHANG ZhenTao, HUANG ZhaoFu, LI LuLu, GUO YaNan, MING Bo, XIE RuiZhi, HOU Peng, XUE Jun, WANG KeRu, LI ShaoKun. Reforming the Cropping System to Achieve Maize Mechanical Grain Harvesting in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai Area of China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(19): 3788-3798.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
京ICP备09089781号-30
Copyright 2018 © Editorial office of Scientia Agricultura Sinica
Tel: 86-010-82106279    E-mail: zgnykx@mail.caas.net.cn
Supported by Beijing Magtech Co.Ltd