渭北旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术的优化

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.19.011

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient factor limiting wheat yield increase on dryland. Unreasonable application of N fertilizer not only makes it difficult to increase wheat yield, but also leads to increased nitrate N (NO₃^--N) residual in soil, enhanced N losses, and reduced N use efficiency. Therefore, it is of great significance to optimize the method of N fertilizer recommendation and solve the problem of unreasonable N fertilizer application for the sustainable production of wheat on dryland.【Method】 Based on balancing N output from soil by crop production and aimed at stabilizing crop yield, improving soil fertility and regulating NO₃^--N residual, the present method for Recommendation of N fertilizer Based on Monitoring NO₃^--N in 1.0 m Soil (RNBM, N application rate = N required for the target crop yield + Fertilizer N losses + Safety threshold of NO₃^--N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing (55.0/110.0 kg·hm^-2) - N input from environment - N input with straw retention - N input with seed - Soil N mineralization during winter wheat growing season - NO₃^--N in 1m soil at harvest or sowing) was optimized to be as: N application rate = N required for the target crop yield + Safety threshold of NO₃^--N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing (55.0/110.0 kg·hm^-2) - NO₃^--N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing. Using the optimized RNBM, two-year field experiments on 30 plots were carried out in six counties on Weibei Arid Tableland in Shaanxi Province. 【Result】 As the result of chronically unreasonable application of N fertilizer due to the lack of normative N fertilizer recommendation methods, it was found that in this region, the NO₃^--N residual in 1.0 m soil at sowing varied largely among different sites from 34.2 kg·hm^-2to 708.4 kg·hm^-2, with the average to be 165.2 kg·hm^-2 and 17 of 30 sites higher than 110.0 kg·hm^-2. Nitrogen application rates determined by the optimized RNBM ranged from 30.0 kg·hm^-2to 247.3 kg·hm^-2, with the average of 128.4 kg·hm^-2, which was 25.2% lower compared to that (171.6 kg·hm^-2）of the farmer’s practice (FP). The averaged wheat grain yield by the optimized RNBM and FP was respectively 5 658 kg·hm^-2 and 5 489 kg·hm^-2, grain N concentration was 20.8 g·kg^-1 and 20.3 g·kg^-1, showing no significant difference. Compared to FP, the optimized RNBM significantly increased N use efficiency (NUE) and partial fertilizer productivity of N (PFPN) by 24.0% (from 46.3% to 57.3 %) and 130.1% (from 34.9 kg·kg^-1 to 80.3 kg·kg^-1), respectively. At harvest time, NO₃^--N residual in 1.0 m soil under FP was found averaged to be 70.6 kg·hm^-2(17.4 kg·hm^-2 to 203.4 kg·hm^-2), and that under the optimized RNBM was only 51.4 kg·hm^-2(15.6 kg·hm^-2 to 113.9 kg·hm^-2), a little bit lower than the expected target of 55.0 kg·hm^-2. During the rainfall intensive summer fallow, NO₃^--N leached from 0 to 100 cm soil layer under the optimized RNBM was observed to be reduced by 47.9% compared to the FP. 【Conclusion】Therefore, the optimized RNBM is able to be flexibly used to determine and effectively regulate the N fertilizer rate, stabilize wheat grain yield, increase NUE and PFPN, and minimize NO₃^--N residue and leaching in dryland soil.

Key words: dryland, winter wheat, NO₃^--N, N fertilizer, optimization

CAO Han-bing, WANG Zhao-hui, SHI Yuan-chao, DU Ming-ye, LEI Xiao-qing, ZHANG Wen-zhong, ZHANG Lu, PU Yue-jian. Optimization of Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendation Technology Based on Soil Test for Winter Wheat on Weibei Dryland[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(19): 3826-3838.

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