Multi-omics analysis revealed adaptation mechanisms in roots of different nitrogen-efficiency peanut genotypes under low-nitrogen stress

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.046

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Ping Zhang¹, Yongqi Liu¹, Xiuli Wang², Pei Guo¹, Fei Liu¹, Xinhua Zhao¹, He Zhang¹, Jing Wang¹, Chao Zhong¹, Xiaoguang Wang¹, Chunji Jiang¹^#, Haiqiu Yu^1,^2#

¹ College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China

²Liaoning Agriculture Vocational and Technical College, Yingkou 115009, China

Highlights

1. N-efficient genotype maintained higher N metabolism (via N uptake and assimilation), antioxidant capacity (via increased antioxidant activities), and flavonoid accumulation under N-deficiency.

2. The key genes encoding CCoAOMT, CHS, IFR and HCT affected epicatechin, kaempferol, calycosin, and biochanin A levels, with relatively higher levels in JH under low-N stress.

3. Under low-N treatment, WRKY40 and MYB30, MYB4, and bHLH35 might regulate flavonoid accumulation as positive and negative regulators, respectively.

Abstract
References

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摘要

过度施氮是限制农业可持续发展的重要因素。培育氮高效基因型是实现作物“减氮增效”、提高生产力的有效举措。然而，针对花生根系响应低氮胁迫的分子机制尚不明确。本研究从氮代谢和抗氧化能力的角度比较了花生氮高效基因型JH15（JH）和氮低效基因型HY20（HY）根系对低氮胁迫的适应性差异。低氮胁迫下JH表现出更发达的根系构型、更高的抗氧化活性以及氮代谢酶水平。JH中高、低亲和力硝酸盐转运蛋白（NRT2.5、NRT1.6）和氯离子通道蛋白CLC表达量均上调，编码谷氨酰胺合成酶和天冬酰胺合成酶的基因表达量较高，而HY中仅低亲和力硝酸盐转运蛋白（NPF5.2、NPF7.3）表达上调。类黄酮和异黄酮的生物合成是两基因型在低氮胁迫下产生差异的主要代谢途径。利用加权基因共表达分析和相关性网络分析相结合，发现编码咖啡酰辅酶A-O-甲基转移酶、查耳酮合酶、2'-羟异黄酮还原酶和莽草酸羟基肉桂酰辅酶A转移酶关键基因的差异性表达，影响关键代谢物（表儿茶素、山柰酚、毛蕊异黄酮和鹰嘴豆芽素A）的水平。我们还发现WRKY40和MYB30、MYB4、bHLH35可能分别作为正、负调控因子调节黄酮类物质的积累。综上所述，JH中氮吸收和同化的增强、黄酮类物质的积累激活了其氮代谢和抗氧化能力，提高了氮效率。

Abstract

Overapplication of nitrogen (N) is an important limiting factor in sustainable agricultural development. Breeding N-efficient genotypes is an effective approach to reduce crop N input, increase N-efficiency, and improve crop productive. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying low-N adaptations in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) roots are unknown. Herein, we compared root adaptation mechanisms to low-N stress between the N-efficient genotype JH15 (JH) and the N-inefficient genotype HY20 (HY), focusing on N metabolism and antioxidant capacity. Under N deficiency, JH exhibited a more developed root architecture, higher antioxidant activity, and higher N-metabolic enzyme levels under N deficiency. The expression of both high- and low-affinity nitrate transporter proteins (NRT2.5, NRT1.6), and the chloride channel protein CLC was upregulated in JH, with higher expression of genes encoding glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthase. However, only the low-affinity N transporters (NPF5.2, NPF7.3) were upregulated in HY. Flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis were the main metabolic pathways underlying the differences between the two genotypes under low-N treatment. The results of weighted gene co-expression network analysis and correlation network analysis revealed that differential expression of the key genes encoding caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, chalcone synthase, 2'-hydroxyisoflavone reductase, and shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA transferase affected key metabolites levels (epicatechin, kaempferol, calycosin, and biochanin A). We also found that WRKY40 and MYB30, MYB4, and bHLH35 may regulate flavonoids accumulation as positive and negative regulators, respectively. In summary, enhanced N uptake and assimilation and flavonoid accumulation in JH enhanced N metabolism and antioxidant capacity, improving N-efficiency.

Keywords: low nitrogen peanut nitrogen metabolism flavonoid biosynthesis isoflavonoid biosynthesis

Online: 30 January 2026

Fund:

The authors would like to thank the China Agricultural Research System (CARS-13).

About author: #Correspondence Chunji Jiang, E-mail: jiangchunji2002@syau.edu.cn; Haiqiu Yu, E-mail: yuhaiqiu@syau.edu.cn

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Ping Zhang, Yongqi Liu, Xiuli Wang, Pei Guo, Fei Liu, Xinhua Zhao, He Zhang, Jing Wang, Chao Zhong, Xiaoguang Wang, Chunji Jiang, Haiqiu Yu. 2026. Multi-omics analysis revealed adaptation mechanisms in roots of different nitrogen-efficiency peanut genotypes under low-nitrogen stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.046

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