锡林郭勒盟典型草原区草地开垦及退耕造林对土壤粒径分布和养分的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.008

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the dynamic change of soil texture and nutrients resulting from 60 years of agricultural cultivation subsequent to the conversion of grassland to cropland in the typical steppe of Xilingol County. It also evaluated whether the 18 years cropland afforestation had effectively mitigated the negative impacts of long-term cultivation on soil particle size distribution and soil nutrients. The research sought to enhance understanding of soil quality evolution during ecological restoration processes in this region and provided a scientific basis for assessing the actual effectiveness of ecological restoration measures. 【Method】Five sites within 60 km² of the study area as replicates were chosen to investigate the particle size distribution, bulk density, and nutrient characteristics within the 0-30 cm soil layer across four land use types, including grassland (GL), cropland (CL) and afforestation land with row spacing of 2 m (AL-2) and 5 m (AL-5). 【Result】(1) The soil particle composition across various land use types included sand (61%-82%), silt (16%-35%) and clay (less than 4%). Notably, the content of silt (2-50 μm) in cropland and afforestation land was significantly lower than that in grassland, whereas the proportion of sand (>50 μm) was markedly higher in comparison to grassland. Further, compared with natural grassland, the cultivation has resulted in a reduction of soil particles smaller than 120 μm and an increase in soil particles larger than 120 μm. However, the afforestation for 18 years has not alleviated the decrease in fine particles (≤120 μm) caused by cultivation. (2) In 0-30 cm soil layer, the composition of soil particle size in each land use type showed uniformity along the soil depth, which reflected poor sorting characteristics and a negative to extremely negative particle size distribution pattern and sharp kurtosis. Among them, the grassland had the smallest mean particle size and the highest fractal dimension. (3) The soil bulk density gradually increased with the increase in soil depth. Nutrient changes were primarily concentrated in the shallow soil layer of 0-10 cm, where cultivation activities led to significantly decrease in soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) content. Compared with cropland, the shrubland formed after afforestation did not significantly alter the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen, but significantly reduced the total phosphorus content. (4) It A highly significant positive correlation between soil particle components smaller than 120 μm and soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus was found, which indicated that the decline in soil nutrients was closely linked to the loss of fine soil particles. 【Conclusion】In summary, the long-term conversion of grassland to cropland has led to the degradation of soil physical structure, with the loss of soil fine particles has affected the enrichment of nutrients. Moreover, the effects of afforestation after 18 years on improving soil texture and restoring nutrient levels were not significant.

Key words: natural grassland, cultivation, cropland afforestation, soil particle size distribution, particle size parameters, soil nutrients, typical steppe of Xilingol League

LUO YuHong, HUANG YuShu, ZHU Na, LI Le, CHENG YanBin, LIU JiaHui, ZHANG JingMin, BAO YuFan, XU Nuo, YAN YuChun. Effects of Cultivation and Cropland Afforestation on Soil Particle- Size Distribution and Soil Nutrients in the Typical Steppe of Xilingol League[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(24): 4919-4932.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Background characteristics of different land use types at the five sampling sites"

样地 Site	草地 Grassland		耕地Cropland			退耕造林地 Afforestation land
样地 Site	优势种 Dominant species ^a)	管理方式 Management^b)	开垦年限 Cultivation duration (a)	作物类型 Crop type	管理方式 Management	土地利用历史 Land use history	林下草地优势种 Understory dominant species^a)	管理方式 Management
样地1 Site1 43°56'10"N, 116°20'48"E	羊草 Leymus chinensis 苔草 Carex duriuscula 克氏针茅 Stipa krylovii 披碱草 Elymus dahuricus 黄蒿 Artemisia scoparia	放牧 Grazing	60	向日葵 Helianthus annuus	1960-2013：小麦-燕麦轮作Triticum aestivum- Avena sativa rotation from 1960 to 2013 2013-2020：小麦-燕麦-向日葵轮作 Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa and Helianthus annuus rotation from 2013 to 2020 灌溉 Irrigation ^c) 施肥Fertilization ^d)	开垦43年后退耕造林17年 Afforestation for 17 years following a 43-year cultivation	黄蒿 Artemisia scoparia 披碱草 Elymus dahuricus 糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa 羊草 Leymus chinensis 克氏针茅 Stipa krylovii	刈割 Mowing ^f)
样地2 Site2 43°52'31"N, 116°57'8"E	苔草 Carex duriuscula 羊草 Leymus chinensis 克氏针茅 Stipa krylovii 糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa 轴藜 Axyris maranthoides	放牧 Grazing	60	小麦 Triticum aestivum	1960-2020：小麦-燕麦轮作 Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa rotation from 1960 to 2020 施肥Fertilization ^e)	开垦43年后退耕造林17年 Afforestation for 17 years following a 43-year cultivation	大针茅 Stipa grandis 黄蒿 Artemisia scoparia 大籽蒿 Artemisia sieversiana 羊草 Leymus chinensis 轴藜 Axyris amaranthoides	刈割 Mowing ^f)
样地3 Site3 43°52'4"N, 116°59'31"E	羊草 Leymus chinensis 糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa 冰草 Agropyron cristatum 羊茅 Festuca ovina 苔草 Carex duriuscula	刈割 Mowing	60	小麦 Triticum aestivum	1960-2020：小麦-燕麦轮作 Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa rotation from 1960 to 2020 施肥Fertilization^e)	开垦43年后退耕造林17年 Afforestation for 17 years following a 43-year cultivation	大针茅 Stipa grandis 黄蒿 Artemisia scoparia 无芒雀麦 Bromus inermis 糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa 披碱草 Elymus dahuricus	放牧 Grazing ^g)
样地4 Site4 43°55'35"N 116°24'48"E	羊草 Leymus chinensis 菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia 糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa 矮葱 Allium anisopodium 黄蒿 Artemisia scoparia	刈割 Mowing	60	小麦 Triticum aestivum	1960-2020：小麦-燕麦轮作 Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa rotation from 1960 to 2020 施肥Fertilization^e)	开垦43年后退耕造林17年 Afforestation for 17 years following a 43-year cultivation	羊草 Leymus chinensis 黄蒿 Artemisia scoparia 糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa 轴藜 Axyris amaranthoides 矮韭 Allium anisopodium	刈割 Mowing ^f)
样地5 Site5 43°47'3"N 116°21'51"E	大针茅 Stipa grandis 克氏针茅 Stipa krylovii 糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa 黄蒿 Artemisia scoparia 苔草 Carex duriuscula	刈割 Mowing	60	苜蓿 Medicago sativa	1960-2017：小麦 Triticum aestivum planting from 1960 to 2017 2017-2020：苜蓿 Medicago sativa planting from 2017 to 2020 灌溉 Irrigation ^c) 施肥 Fertilization ^e)	开垦42年后退耕造林18年 Afforestation for 18 years following a 42-year cultivation	糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa 披碱草 Elymus dahuricus,阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus, 羊草 Leymus chinensis,刺藜 Chenopodium aristatum	放牧 Grazing ^g)

Table 1

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Table 2

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Table 3

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土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	土地利用方式 Land use type	土壤粒径分布 Soil particle size distribution (%)
土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	土地利用方式 Land use type	黏粒 Clay (<2 μm)	粉粒 Silt (2-50 μm)	砂粒 Sand (>50 μm)
0-10	GL	2.58±0.34Aa	32.20±2.15Aa	65.11±2.16Ab
	CL	2.72±0.70Aa	22.26±2.28Ab	75.02±2.81Aa
	AL-2	2.17±0.27Aa	22.28±1.47Ab	75.55±1.63Aa
	AL-5	2.52±0.28Aa	22.92±1.86Ab	74.56±2.06Aa
10-20	GL	2.16±0.34Aa	27.41±1.48Ba	70.43±1.54Ab
	CL	2.49±0.65Aa	21.62±2.43Ab	75.89±2.87Aa
	AL-2	1.86±0.28Aa	19.24±1.46Ab	78.90±1.69Aa
	AL-5	1.89±0.24Aa	20.92±1.30Ab	77.19±1.46Aa
20-30	GL	2.83±0.37Aa	30.61±1.65ABa	66.56±1.80Ab
	CL	2.59±0.58Aa	24.53±2.68Ab	72.88±3.04Aab
	AL-2	2.04±0.37Aa	19.48±1.58Abc	78.48±1.92Aa
	AL-5	2.39±0.38Aa	18.43±1.89Ac	79.19±2.19Aa
0-30	GL	2.53±0.2a	30.12±1.04a	67.34±1.09b
	CL	2.59±0.36a	22.84±1.41b	74.55±1.65a
	AL-2	2.02±0.17a	20.33±0.87b	77.64±1.01a
	AL-5	2.26±0.17a	20.75±1b	76.97±1.12a

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	土地利用方式 Land use type	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	有机碳 Soil organic carbon (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg^-1)
0-10	GL	1.34±0.05Bc	17.61±2.08Aa	2.06±0.2Aa	0.35±0.03Aa
	CL	1.43±0.03Ab	10.34±0.68Ab	1.22±0.08Ab	0.28±0.01Ab
	AL-2	1.40±0.02Bbc	11.98±0.85Ab	1.33±0.11Ab	0.23±0.01Ab
	AL-5	1.5±0.03Aa	12.01±0.99Ab	1.34±0.1Ab	0.25±0.02Ab
10-20	GL	1.45±0.03Ab	12.34±0.90Ba	1.48±0.11Ba	0.28±0.02Ba
	CL	1.46±0.04Aab	10.19±0.77Aa	1.19±0.09ABb	0.27±0.01Aab
	AL-2	1.43±0.02ABb	10.11±0.68Ba	1.25±0.07Ab	0.21±0.01Ab
	AL-5	1.52±0.02Aa	9.88±0.58Ba	1.09±0.11Bb	0.21±0.01Bb
20-30	GL	1.49±0.03Aa	9.7±0.75Aa	1.24±0.09Aa	0.25±0.02Ba
	CL	1.48±0.04Aa	9.2±0.65Ba	1.11±0.08Bab	0.25±0.02Aa
	AL-2	1.47±0.02Aa	8.32±0.58Ca	1.03±0.06Bb	0.18±0.01Bb
	AL-5	1.53±0.03Aa	8.02±0.57Ca	0.98±0.07Bb	0.18±0.01Bb
0-30	GL	1.43±0.02b	13.22±0.92a	1.59±0.10a	0.29±0.02a
	CL	1.45±0.02b	9.91±0.4a	1.17±0.05b	0.27±0.01a
	AL-2	1.43±0.01b	10.14±0.46a	1.21±0.05b	0.21±0.01b
	AL-5	1.52±0.02a	9.97±0.48a	1.14±0.06b	0.21±0.01b

Effects of Cultivation and Cropland Afforestation on Soil Particle- Size Distribution and Soil Nutrients in the Typical Steppe of Xilingol League

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