我国北方麦区小麦生产的化肥、农药和灌溉水使用现状及其减用潜力

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The unreasonable use of chemicals and irrigation water is the crucial to limiting the wheat production. The objective of the study was to clarify the current status of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water in wheat production of Northern China and their reduction potentials. Further, understanding the effects of farm size on wheat production could provide an effective reference for sustainable wheat production in China. 【Method】 Based on a large-scale survey in seven provinces of Northern China during 2018-2019, based on the nutrient requirements formed by wheat yield, the potential of fertilizer reduction in northern wheat regions and the potential of pesticide reduction based on the recommended amount of pesticides were assessed, and the water-saving potential based on Penman-Monteith was estimated, and then the effects of farm size on wheat yield and the input costs of chemical fertilizer and irrigation water were investigated. 【Result】The mean wheat yields of spring wheat area, Fenwei Plain, Loess Plateau, and oasis irrigation area were 3.0, 7.6, 4.7, and 7.4 t·hm^-2, respectively. The application rate of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer was 87 kg N·hm^-2, 91 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 1 kg K₂O·hm^-2 in spring wheat area, was 280 kg N·hm^-2, 133 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 1 kg K₂O·hm^-2 in Fenwei Plain, was 178 kg N·hm^-2, 117 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 25 kg K₂O·hm^-2 in Loess Plateau, and was 225 kg N·hm^-2, 168 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 15 kg K₂O·hm^-2 in oasis irrigation area, respectively. The problems of excessive application of N and P fertilizers and insufficient application of K fertilizers coexisted. The reduction potential of N and P fertilizers was 25% and 40% in Fenwei Plain, respectively, which was 24% and 57% in Loess Plateau, respectively. The reduction potential of P fertilizer was 65% and 54% in spring wheat area and oasis irrigation area, respectively. The use of pesticides varied greatly in different areas of wheat production. In the spring wheat area of Fenwei Plain, Loess Plateau, and oasis irrigation area, the mean number of pesticides sprayed were 1.8, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.6 times, respectively; the reduction potential of pesticides was 40%-70%, 54%-83%, 40%-65% and 50%-83%, respectively. Insecticides and herbicides were the main types of pesticides, and the frequency of insecticides application accounted for 73%, which was higher than that of herbicides. For insecticides, imidacloprid and triadimefon were more commonly used. For herbicides, tribenuron-methy, 2, 4-D butyl ester, and sodium dimethyl tetrachloride were more often used. The irrigation times of wheat production were 2-4 in most cases. For Fenwei Plain, the mean number of irrigations was 2.2 times, and the river water was the most key source of irrigation water. For oasis irrigation area, the mean number of irrigations was 3.5 times, and the well water was the most key source of irrigation water. The water-saving potential in Fenwei Plain and oasis irrigation area was 14% and 42%, respectively. Small-scale farm size was the most common way to manage farms, resulting in a serious fragmentation of farmland in each wheat area. Compared with small-scale farm size, the large-scale farm size increased wheat yields by 7%-36% with reducing input costs by 17%-19%. 【Conclusion】The study reported the current status of the wheat yield, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water in wheat production of Northern China, and found that their application rates varied greatly between farmers and production regions. This brought huge potential for the reduction of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water. Moreover, combined with farm size, it clarified that an appropriate increase in farm size could increase wheat yield while decreasing input costs, which could be essential for optimizing management scale in wheat region of north China.

Key words: farmers, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation water, reducing potential, farm size

WEI Lei,MI XiaoTian,SUN LiQian,LI ZhaoMin,SHI Mei,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui. Current Status of Chemical Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Irrigation Water and Their Reducing Potentials in Wheat Production of Northern China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(13): 2584-2597.

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References 37

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麦区 Wheat region	省/自治区 Province	县 County
春麦区 Spring wheat area	黑龙江、内蒙古、宁夏 Heilongjiang, Neimenggu, Ningxia	巴彦、二道桥、贺兰、黑河、利通、临河、蒙海、嫩江、沙坡头、石嘴山、双庙、孙吴、天池、头道桥、五原、永宁 Bayan, Erdaoqiao, Helan, Heihe, Litong, Linhe, Menghai, Nenjiang, Shapotou, Shizuishan, Shuangmiao, Sunwu, Tianchi, Toudaoqiao, Wuyuan, Yongning
汾渭平原灌区 Fenwei Plain	山西、陕西 Shanxi, Shaanxi	大荔、凤翔、富平、洪洞、侯马、华州、栲栳、临汾、临渭、蒲州、乔李、曲沃、上马、渭南、闻喜、武功、夏县、襄汾、张营 Dali, Fengxiang, Fuping, Hongtong, Houma, Huazhou, Kaolao, Linfen, Linwei, Puzhou, Qiaoli, Quwo, Shangma, Weinan, Wenxi, Wugong, Xiaxian, Xiangfen, Zhangying
黄土高原旱地 Loess Plateau	山西、陕西、甘肃 Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu	安定、彬县、陈仓、崇信、店头、甘井、合阳、浪杨、浪赵、麟游、马坊、浦城、岐山、乾县、清水、渠子、通渭、旬邑、永寿、游县、长武、庄浪 Anding, Binxian, Chencang, Chongxin, Diantou, Ganjing, Heyang, Langyang, Langzhao, Linyou, Mafang, Pucheng, Qishan, Qianxian, Qingshui, Quzi, Tongwei, Xunyi, Yongshou, Youxian, Changwu, Zhuanglang
绿洲灌区 Oasis irrigation area	甘肃、新疆 Gansu, Xinjiang	墨玉、策勒、伽师、奇台、新源、民乐、永昌、谢河、黄羊、甘州、泽普、坎苏 Moyu, Cele, Jiashi, Qitai, Xinyuan, Minle, Yongchang, Xiehe, Huangyang, Ganzhou, Zepu, Kansu

麦区 Wheat region	样本量 Sample number	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	氮肥用量 N rate (kg N·hm^-2)		减施潜力Reducing potential (%)	磷肥用量 P rate (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)		减施潜力Reducing potential (%)	钾肥用量 K rate (kg K₂O·hm^-2)		减施潜力 Reducing potential (%)
麦区 Wheat region	样本量 Sample number	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	FP	RFec	减施潜力Reducing potential (%)	FP	RFec	减施潜力Reducing potential (%)	FP	RFec	减施潜力 Reducing potential (%)
春麦区 Spring wheat area	206	3.0 d	87	86	1	91	32	65	1	25	—
汾渭平原灌区 Fenwei Plain	490	7.6 a	280	210	25	133	80	40	1	50	—
黄土高原旱地 Loess Plateau	777	4.7 c	178	135	24	117	50	57	25	26	—
绿洲灌区 Oasis irrigation area	297	7.4 b	225	214	5	168	78	54	15	51	—

麦区 Wheat region	样本量 Sample number	喷药次数 Numbers of spraying	占比 Ratio (%)	喷药时期 Spraying period	占比 Ratio (%)	主要病害 Main disease	主要草害 Main weed	主要虫害 Main pest
春麦区 Spring wheat area	98	2	100	播种期 Sowing date	34	丛矮病 Plexus dwarf 赤霉病 Gibberellic disease 散黑穗 Loose smut	藜 Chenopodium album L.	麦蚜虫 Wheat aphid
		3	44	灌浆期 Grouting period	66

汾渭平原灌区 Fenwei Plain	239	1	100	播期 Sowing date	28	赤霉病 Gibberellic disease 白粉病 Powdery mildew 叶锈病 Brown leaf rust 纹枯病 Banded sclerotial blight	节节麦 Aegilops tauschii 野燕麦 Wild oats 播娘蒿 Flixweed	麦蚜虫 Wheat aphid 红蜘蛛 Starscream 吸浆虫 Sitodiplosis mosellana
		2	59	返青期 Rejuvenation period	10
		3	7	拔节期 Elongation stage	45
				灌浆期 Grouting period	17
黄土高原旱地 Losess Plateau	625	1	100	播期 Sowing date	21	赤霉病 Gibberellic disease 白粉病 Powdery mildew 条锈病 Stripe rust	野燕麦 Wild oats 节节麦 Aegilops tauschii 播娘蒿 Flixweed	麦蚜虫 Wheat aphid 红蜘蛛 Starscream 吸浆虫 Sitodiplosis mosellana
		2	58	返青期 Rejuvenation period	34
		3	27	拔节期 Elongation stage	12
		4	1	灌浆期 Grouting period	33
绿洲灌区 Oasis irrigation area	118	1	100	播期 Sowing date	29	白粉病 Powdery mildew 赤霉病 Gibberellic disease 叶锈病 Brown leaf rust	野燕麦 Wild oats 藜Chenopodium album L. 播娘蒿 Flixweed	麦蚜虫 Wheat aphid 吸浆虫 Sitodiplosis mosellana 负泥虫 Negative mud bug
		2	69	拔节期 Elongation stage	35
		3	17	灌浆期 Grouting period	36

麦区 Wheat region	喷药名称 Pesticide	实际用药量 Actual usage (mL·hm^-2)	喷药次数 Number of spraying	单次用药量 Single dose (mL·hm^-2)	单次合理用药量 Reasonable single dose (mL·hm^-2)	减药潜力 Reducing potential of dose (%)
春麦区 Spring wheat area	三唑酮 Triadimefon	1500	2	750	450	40
	高效氯氰菊酯Beta-cypermethrin	1760	2	880	300	66
	吡虫啉 Imidacloprid	2250	3	750	225	70
汾渭平原灌区 Fenwei Plain	吡虫啉 Imidacloprid	974	2	487	225	54
	戊唑醇 Tebuconazole	1950	2	975	226	77
	阿维菌 Abamectin	3000	2	1500	250	83
	甲基二磺隆Mesosulfuron	368	1	368	525	—
黄土高原旱地 Loess Plateau	高效氯氰菊酯Beta-cypermethrin	1127	2	300	300	0
	吡虫啉 Imidacloprid	1125	3	375	225	40
	三唑酮 Triadimefon	2594	2	1297	450	65
绿洲灌区 Oasis irrigation area	炔草酯Clodinafop-propargyl	900	2	450	225	50
	高效氯氰菊酯Beta-cypermethrin	1725	1	1725	300	83
	精噁唑禾草灵Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl	500	1	500	600	—
	苯磺隆Tribenuron-methyl	566	2	283	300	—
	阿维菌 Abamectin	150	1	150	250	—

麦区 Wheat region	样本量 Sample number	灌溉次数及占比 Irrigation frequency and ratio		灌溉时期及占比 Irrigation period and ratio		灌水方式及占比 Irrigation way and ratio		灌水来源及占比 Irrigation source and ratio
麦区 Wheat region	样本量 Sample number	灌溉次数 Irrigation frequency	占比 Ratio (%)	灌溉时期 Irrigation period	占比 Ratio (%)	灌水方式 Irrigation way	占比Ratio (%)	灌水来源 Irrigation source	占比 Ratio (%)
汾渭平原灌区 Fenwei Plain	423	1	100	播种期 Sowing date	19	漫灌 Basin irrigation	100	井水 Well water	26
		2	64	越冬期 Wintering period	19	滴灌 Trickle irrigation	0	河水 River water	54
		3	38	返青期 Rejuvenation period	3			水库水 Reservoir water	16
		4	15	拔节期 Elongation stage	21
				灌浆期 Grouting period	38
绿洲灌区 Oasis irrigation area	171	1	100	播种期 Sowing date	8	漫灌 Basin irrigation	98	井水 Well water	48
		2	98	越冬期 Wintering period	10	滴灌 Trickle irrigation	2	河水 River water	34
		3	58	返青期 Rejuvenation period	4			水库水 Reservoir water	18
		4	50	拔节期 Elongation stage	38
		5	31	灌浆期 Grouting period	40
		6	14

Current Status of Chemical Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Irrigation Water and Their Reducing Potentials in Wheat Production of Northern China

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