不同苹果砧木对持续低磷的响应及适应性评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the response characteristics of seven apple rootstock seedlings to low phosphorus stress, and to evaluate the low phosphorus adaptability of different rootstocks, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the selection of low phosphorus-tolerant apple rootstocks and the study of the physiological mechanism of efficient phosphorus utilization.【Method】Five kinds of apple dwarf rootstocks (T337, Nic29, Pajam2, B9 and 71-3-150), a semi-dwarf rootstock (Qingzhen2), and a vigorous rootstock (Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.), which were commonly used in the production of apple, were used as materials. Through the potted sand culture test method, the differences in tree growth, photosynthesis, leaf morphology and root architecture, biomass accumulation, phosphorus absorption and utilization, transportation and distribution of each rootstock under normal phosphorus (NP) and low phosphorus (LP) supply conditions were studied.【Result】Under LP treatment, the shoot growth and plant biomass accumulation of T337, Nic29, Pajam2, and M. baccata (L.) Borkh. were significantly decreased, the average leaf area of M. baccata (L.) Borkh. and Qingzhen2 were decreased notably, and the leaf SPAD value of M. baccata (L.) Borkh. was 9.47% lower than that under NP treatment. Compared with the control, under the condition of LP, the average leaf area, leaf length and leaf width of B9 were significantly increased, while the leaf SPAD values of 71-3-150 and Qingzhen2 were significantly increased; the F₀ values of B9, 71-3-150, Nic29 and Qingzhen2 were significantly increased, while the F_v/F_m values were significantly decreased, and the most obvious decrease was 71-3-150. Under LP condition, the root growth of T337, Nic29, M. baccata (L.) Borkh. and Qingzhen2 were all significantly inhibited, and the total root surface area and total root length were significantly reduced, among which T337 decreased more; the total root surface area and total root volume of B9 and 71-3-150 were significantly increased, while the ratio of root/shoot of B9 and 71-3-150 was significantly increased, and the ratio of root/shoot of 71-3-150 was 1.54 times of the control. Under LP condition, the phosphorus use efficiency and phosphorus transport coefficient of 71-3-150, Nic29, Pajam2, M. baccata (L.) Borkh. and Qingzhen2 decreased, the phosphorus accumulation in shoot of 71-3-150, Nic29, Pajam2 and M. baccata (L.) Borkh. reduced, while the phosphorus content and accumulation in root were higher than those under control, and the root P accumulation of 71-3-150 increased the most. The 13 principal component factors most related to LP tolerance were orthogonally rotated by using the Varimax rotation method, and these factors were comprehensively evaluated by membership function. Combined with cluster analysis, these 7 apple rootstocks could be divided into four tolerance types: Class I was the strongest tolerant rootstock (B9 and 71-3-150), Class II was the strong tolerant rootstock (T337 and Qingzhen2), Class III was the less tolerant rootstock (Nic29 and Pajam2), and class IV was the weakest tolerant rootstock. 【Conclusion】 Under LP condition, the apple rootstocks could adapt to the LP environment by reducing the material consumption of leaf photosynthesis, increasing the phosphorus accumulation in root system, promoting root development, and increasing the ratio of root/shoot. There were significant differences in the adaptability of different rootstocks.

Key words: apple rootstocks, phosphorus deficiency tolerance, root architecture, nutrient absorption, comprehensive evolution

XIE Bin,AN XiuHong,CHEN YanHui,CHENG CunGang,KANG GuoDong,ZHOU JiangTao,ZHAO DeYing,LI Zhuang,ZHANG YanZhen,YANG An. Response and Adaptability Evaluation of Different Apple Rootstocks to Continuous Phosphorus Deficiency[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(13): 2598-2612.

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References 46

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砧木类型 Rootstock	株高生长速率 Growth rate of plant height			根冠比 Ratio of root/shoot
砧木类型 Rootstock	正常供磷 NP (cm·d^-1)	低磷处理 LP (cm·d^-1)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP	低磷处理 LP	相对值 Relative value
T337	6.29±0.07a	4.72±0.36b	0.75	0.15	0.13	0.89
B9	2.54±0.32b	6.22±0.30a	2.44	0.23	0.18	0.79
71-3-150	0.19±0.09a	0.42±0.05a	2.14	0.18	0.30	1.62
Nic29	8.13±0.92a	3.89±0.43b	0.48	0.16	0.16	0.99
Pajam2	3.63±0.37a	2.66±0.09a	0.73	0.22	0.25	1.15
山定子 M.baccata	3.71±0.16a	0.90±0.42b	0.24	0.78	0.78	1.01
青砧2号 Qingzhen2	0.54±0.13b	1.99±0.19a	3.66	0.74	0.93	1.26

砧木类型 Rootstock	叶片 Leaf			茎干Stem			根系Root
砧木类型 Rootstock	正常供磷 NP (g/plant)	低磷处理 LP (g/plant)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP (g/plant)	低磷处理 LP (g/plant)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP (g/plant)	低磷处理 LP (g/plant)	相对值 Relative value
T337	39.960± 4.019a	38.917± 1.191a	0.97	53.877± 1.879b	73.420± 1.286a	1.36	40.243± 0.740a	37.583± 0.229b	0.93
B9	32.630± 1.912a	41.747± 2.591a	1.28	45.467± 1.711b	64.787± 1.268a	1.42	44.620± 1.732a	57.207± 0.780b	1.28
71-3-150	14.170± 1.586a	15.087± 4.860a	1.06	41.783± 4.607a	56.157± 6.018a	1.34	17.077± 1.376b	44.983± 5.030a	2.63
Nic29	45.353± 3.306a	37.393± 3.616a	0.82	73.413± 0.739a	56.293± 2.096b	0.77	40.317± 5.955a	33.353± 2.728a	0.75
Pajam2	51.370± 2.095a	51.197± 2.590a	1.00	150.233± 25.531a	131.517± 7.192a	0.88	74.333± 9.841a	85.807± 3.559a	1.15
山定子 M.baccata	57.537± 6.249a	36.65± 2.753a	0.64	137.287± 8.743a	92.443± 8.116b	0.67	208.020± 20.051a	125.557± 3.401b	0.60
青砧2号 Qingzhen2	42.673± 3.649a	52.250± 1.250a	1.22	91.880± 7.762a	113.463± 2.541a	1.23	124.350± 17.898a	142.017± 11.874a	1.14

砧木类型 Rootstock	平均叶面积 Average leaf surface			叶片长度 Leaf length			叶片宽度 Leaf width
砧木类型 Rootstock	正常供磷 NP (cm²)	低磷处理 LP (cm²)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP (cm²)	低磷处理 LP (cm²)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP (cm²)	低磷处理 LP (cm²)	相对值 Relative value
T337	25.56±1.93a	30.62±1.01a	1.20	7.87±0.37a	8.33±0.17a	1.06	3.37±0.20a	3.63±0.04a	1.08
B9	23.50±0.46b	34.56±1.08a	1.47	6.71±0.17b	8.92±0.18a	1.33	3.44±0.07b	3.84±0.07a	1.12
71-3-150	18.16±1.74a	19.58±4.21a	1.08	6.35±0.39a	6.58±0.81a	1.04	2.83±0.11a	2.83±0.24a	1.00
Nic29	23.63±2.15a	21.71±2.05a	0.92	7.09±0.19a	6.89±0.40a	0.97	3.25±0.20a	3.11±0.11a	0.96
Pajam2	31.52±0.43a	25.24±1.23a	0.80	8.52±0.23a	7.76±0.21a	0.91	3.59±0.08a	3.21±0.11a	0.89
M.baccata	20.34±0.14a	12.03±0.37b	0.59	8.24±0.34a	6.67±0.02b	0.81	2.20±0.15a	2.10±0.16a	0.96
青砧2号 Qingzhen2	19.70±0.40a	14.26±0.13b	0.72	6.96±0.36a	5.54±0.06a	0.80	2.51±0.16a	2.62±0.07a	1.04

砧木类型 Rootstock	叶片Leaf			茎干Stem			根系Root
砧木类型 Rootstock	正常供磷 NP (mg·g^-1)	低磷处理 LP (mg·g^-1)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP (mg·g^-1)	低磷处理 LP (mg·g^-1)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP (mg·g^-1)	低磷处理 LP (mg·g^-1)	相对值 Relative value
T337	2.97±0.08a	3.05±0.05a	1.03	2.77±0.36a	2.35±0.03a	0.85	4.86±0.05b	6.39±0.05a	1.31
B9	3.06±0.21a	3.17±0.08a	1.04	2.75±0.05a	2.47±0.25a	0.90	5.37±0.23a	6.13±0.75a	1.14
71-3-150	4.15±0.07a	3.37±0.13a	0.88	2.57±0.10a	2.53±0.05a	1.00	7.80±1.18b	19.61±0.21a	2.51
Nic29	2.80±0.09a	2.85±0.03a	1.02	1.66±0.06a	1.85±0.05a	1.11	7.75±0.56a	7.96±0.42a	1.03
Pajam2	3.67±0.20a	3.54±0.13a	0.96	2.58±0.22a	0.76±0.07a	1.07	10.41±0.48a	12.12±0.49a	1.13
山定子M.baccata	3.17±0.07a	3.03±0.30a	0.96	2.31±0.04a	2.34±0.05a	1.01	9.28±0.70b	15.71±0.11a	1.69
青砧2号 Qingzhen2	3.17±0.07a	3.03±0.30a	0.96	2.72±0.06a	2.60±0.14a	0.95	5.50±0.19a	6.02±0.46a	1.09

砧木类型 Rootstock	叶片 Leaf			茎干 Stem			根系 Root
砧木类型 Rootstock	正常供磷 NP (mg)	低磷处理 LP (mg)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP (mg)	低磷处理 LP (mg)	相对值 Relative value	正常供磷 NP (mg)	低磷处理 LP (mg)	相对值 Relative value
T337	44.63±5.04a	45.60±0.82a	1.02	74.02±10.68a	66.38±7.68a	0.90	31.53±0.43a	37.66±2.31a	1.19
B9	45.44±5.50a	47.55±6.98a	1.05	45.75±4.86a	60.33±7.20a	1.04	39.06±3.66a	39.01±3.22a	1.00
71-3-150	28.04±3.64a	26.10±5.39a	0.93	55.16±5.92a	72.23±8.91a	1.31	43.62±3.74b	194.55±19.81a	4.46
Nic29	54.98±5.28a	52.76±3.56a	0.96	48.47±3.57a	51.79±3.85a	1.07	65.87±12.81a	65.42±1.18a	0.99
Pajam2	82.32±7.91a	66.59±9.50a	0.81	174.36±20.23a	152.31±20.85a	0.87	154.47±10.87b	239.12±5.47a	1.56
山定子 M. baccata	82.13±9.47a	47.75±1.02b	0.58	169.20±5.68a	116.92±8.94b	0.69	704.68±65.82a	817.64±17.91a	1.16
青砧2号 Qingzhen2	60.11±4.98a	67.43±2.22a	1.12	128.96±15.29a	140.04±2.31a	1.09	271.49±45.08a	433.68±47.58a	1.60

Response and Adaptability Evaluation of Different Apple Rootstocks to Continuous Phosphorus Deficiency

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指标 Index	正常供磷 NP			低磷处理 LP
指标 Index	主成分1 PCP1	主成分2 PCP2	主成分3 PCP3	主成分1 PCP1	主成分2 PCP2	主成分3 PCP3
I₁	-0.321	0.151	0.787	0.881	-0.118	-0.208
I₂	0.936	-0.060	0.090	-0.714	0.298	-0.519
I₃	0.480	0.548	0.610	0.266	0.734	-0.397
I₄	0.577	0.768	0.065	-0.145	0.962	-0.125
I₅	0.948	0.198	0.230	-0.557	0.600	-0.491
I₆	0.494	0.274	0.684	-0.354	0.895	0.058
I₇	0.378	0.231	0.725	-0.451	0.815	-0.100
I₈	0.589	0.757	0.047	-0.401	0.889	-0.199
I₉	0.940	0.200	0.168	-0.639	0.649	-0.298
I₁₀	-0.252	0.886	-0.332	0.311	0.888	0.142
I₁₁	0.944	0.179	0.247	-0.426	0.846	-0.101
I₁₂	-0.454	0.819	0.220	0.960	-0.091	0.128
I₁₃	0.256	0.859	0.422	0.835	-0.006	0.020
I₁₄	-0.886	0.334	0.058	0.976	-0.114	0.156
I₁₅	-0.430	0.391	0.506	0.194	0.049	0.544
I₁₆	-0.381	0.257	-0.204	0.118	-0.201	0.888
I₁₇	-0.013	-0.052	0.106	0.106	0.236	-0.903
I₁₈	-0.017	0.221	-0.902	-0.018	0.258	0.685
I₁₉	-0.081	0.144	-0.283	0.046	0.639	0.121
I₂₀	0.317	0.663	-0.321	-0.636	-0.066	0.479
I₂₁	0.579	0.699	0.256	0.077	0.762	-0.242
I₂₂	0.650	0.729	-0.001	-0.374	0.896	-0.090
I₂₃	0.963	0.172	0.162	-0.807	0.325	-0.428
I₂₄	0.945	0.293	0.139	-0.774	0.447	-0.409
I₂₅	-0.920	-0.195	0.248	0.785	-0.312	-0.161
I₂₆	-0.853	-0.069	0.062	0.918	-0.303	-0.185
特征值 Eigenvalue	10.943	6.143	4.025	8.974	8.647	4.128
方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate	44.140	24.778	26.236	35.272	33.988	16.226
累计贡献率 Cumulative percentage	44.140	68.918	85.154	35.272	69.260	85.485

砧木类型 Rootstock	I₁	I₂	I₅	I₉	I₁₁	I₁₂	I₁₃	I₁₄	I₂₃	I₂₄	I₂₅	I₂₆	I	排名 Rank
T337	0.041	0.040	0.042	0.062	0.068	0.058	0.076	0.077	0.036	0.033	0.084	0.066	0.684	3
B9	0.066	0.034	0.050	0.072	0.084	0.084	0.084	0.084	0.034	0.045	0.082	0.084	0.803	1
71-3-150	0.061	0.084	0.084	0.074	0.062	0.056	0.057	0.057	0.084	0.084	0.034	0.034	0.770	2
Nic29	0.037	0.046	0.037	0.044	0.052	0.050	0.048	0.054	0.033	0.034	0.074	0.075	0.585	5
Pajam2	0.041	0.055	0.047	0.084	0.046	0.044	0.034	0.036	0.042	0.038	0.050	0.053	0.569	6
山定子M.baccata	0.034	0.047	0.034	0.034	0.034	0.035	0.048	0.034	0.036	0.035	0.043	0.054	0.465	7
Qingzhen 2	0.084	0.062	0.047	0.061	0.041	0.034	0.067	0.056	0.042	0.041	0.074	0.061	0.670	4

指标 Index	相关性系数 Correlation coefficient	指标 Index	相关性系数 Correlation coefficient
I₁	0.6617	I₁₄	0.8202
I₂	0.1567	I₁₅	0.4742
I₃	0.8378	I₁₆	0.4635
I₄	0.9353	I₁₇	-0.5016
I₅	0.6671	I₁₈	0.0297
I₆	0.3430	I₁₉	-0.5545
I₇	0.2450	I₂₀	0.2020
I₈	0.7520	I₂₁	0.7595
I₉	0.6052	I₂₂	0.7477
I₁₀	-0.2393	I₂₃	0.4114
I₁₁	0.8336	I₂₄	0.5821
I₁₂	0.7488	I₂₅	0.2995
I₁₃	0.7354	I₂₆	0.1335

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