我国褐土耕地质量的演变及对生产力的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.24.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The quality of cultivated land is a key factor affecting soil productivity, which serves also as scientific basis for rational fertilization. Cinnamon soil is the main soil type at the production area of wheat and corn in China. This study examined the current status of cultivated land quality and the evolution characteristics of cinnamon soil during the past 31 years (1988-2018). Though considering the evolution of fertilizer application rate, their influence on productivity was studied, and the guidance for reducing fertilizer input and increasing efficiency in cinnamon soil area was proposed.【Method】Using the data of 103 long-term (31 years) location test points in China, the evolution of cinnamon soil cultivated land quality was analyzed by combining physical and chemical indexes. The factors influencing the yield were compared through the redundancy analysis (RDA). Based on these results, reasonable suggestions were put forward to reduce fertilizer input and increase efficiency in cinnamon soil area.【Result】(1) The present situation and evolution of soil physical and chemical properties in cinnamon soil area were shown in the study. Specifically, the average values of organic matter content, available phosphorus and available potassium in 2018 were 17.9 g·kg ^-1, 29.2 mg·kg ^-1-and 164 mg·kg ^-1, respectively, which represented an increase of 21.2%, 200.9% and 52.0% during 31years, respectively. The average values of total nitrogen and slow available potassium in 2018 were 1.1 g·kg ^-1 and 945 mg·kg ^-1, respectively, which remained relatively stable during the monitoring period. The contents of soil secondary elements and micronutrient elements and heavy metals were in an acceptable range. The pH was reduced by 0.3 unit. Topsoil thickness was 21.9 cm and bulk density was 1.33 g·cm ^-3, which belonged to the middle level. (2) The fertilizer application rate in cinnamon soil area was 730.2 kg·hm ^-2 in 2018. The proportion of N (N):P (P₂O₅):K (K₂O) was about 2:1:1, and the proportion of chemical fertilizer to organic fertilizer was about 3.45:1. The nitrogen fertilizer application rate was 378.9 kg·hm ^-2, which was stable during the past 31 years. The application rate of phosphate and potassium fertilizer decreased by 24.1% and 50.8%, respectively. (3) The wheat yield showed an upward trend during 31 years, and the maximum reached 6 651 kg·hm ^-2 at the end of monitoring, which was 27.6% higher than the value at the initial stage. The corn yield was stable, reaching 8 851 kg·hm ^-2 at the end of monitoring. The contribution rate of soil fertility in wheat season and corn season was 49.0% and 59.6%, respectively. The yield was influenced by soil physical factors, including the thickness of plough layer (which could explain the wheat production for 2.7%, denoted as explanation rate), bulk density (explanation rates of wheat and corn productions for 1.2% and 1.5%, respectively) and chemical index, such as organic matter explanation rates of wheat and corn productions for 2% and 1.7%, respectively, and available phosphorus (explanation rate of corn for 3.6%). The explanation rates of potassium fertilizer were the highest for wheat and corn productions, which reached 5.6% and 6%, respectively. The explanation rates of phosphorus fertilizer for wheat yield (1.3%) and of nitrogen fertilizer for corn yield (1.3%) were also relatively high.【Conclusion】The cultivated land quality in cinnamon soil area has been improved in 31 years, but the overall fertility was low and the physical properties were in middle level. Considering the impact of land quality on productivity, different fertilization schemes needed to be formulated for wheat and corn. Both of which needed to increase the input of potassium fertilizers, and focused on ensuring the supply of phosphorus fertilizers for wheat and nitrogen fertilizers for corn. Physical indicators needed to be highly concerned. The topsoil thickness and bulk density were at a medium level, but there was no need to continue to optimize, and maintaining the status quo was more conductive to obtaining high yield.

Key words: cinnamon soil, cultivated land quality, soil physical properties, soil chemical properties, crop yield

YanHua CHEN,Le WANG,ShuXiang ZHANG,Ning GUO,ChangBao MA,ChunHua LI,MingGang XU,GuoYuan ZOU. Quality Change of Cinnamon Soil Cultivated Land and Its Effect on Soil Productivity[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(24): 4540-4554.

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建站时间 Time	建站数量 Number	分布省份及对应数量 Province-Number	种植制度 Crop rotation	作物类别 Crop type	酸碱度 pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	缓效钾 Slow available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
1988	6	河北-4,山东-2 Hebei-4,Shandong-2	一年两熟 Two crops a year	小麦、玉米 Wheat, Corn	6.7-8.3	8.2-15.1	0.56-0.87	1.5-12.9	69.0-134	/
1997	8	天津-3,山西-3,辽宁-2 Tianjin-2, Shanxi-3, Liaoning-2	一年两熟或一年一熟 Two crops a year/ One crop a year	小麦、玉米、芹菜、绿豆、花椰菜 Wheat, Corn, Celery, Mung bean, Broccoli	6.6-8.2	16.8-25.5	0.85-1.23	7.6-16.2	81.0-137	474-811
1998	30	北京-2,河北-6,山西-3,内蒙-2,江苏-4,安徽-2,山东-2 Beijing-2, Hebei-6, Shanxi- 3, Inner Mongolia-2, Jiangsu- 4, Anhui-2, Shandong-2	一年两熟或一年一熟 Two crops a year/ One crop a year	小麦、玉米、菜豆、芥蓝、马铃薯、棉花、水稻 Wheat, Corn, Bean, Cabbage mustard, Potato, Cotton, Rice	6.1-8.8	5.1-32.4	0.30-2.00	4.8-43.0	37.5-184	332-1394

物理指标 Physical property	时间 Year	样本数 N	平均值 Ave	标准误 SE	中位值 Median	标准差 SD	最小值 Min	最大值 Max	等级 Level
耕层厚度 Topsoil thikness (cm)	2015	24	21.7	0.99	20	4.87	14.00	30.00	3级/中	Level3/ Medium
	2016	91	21.7	0.50	20	4.78	15.00	40.00	3级/中	Level3/ Medium
	2017	99	22.5	0.54	20	5.36	15.00	45.00	3级/中	Level3/ Medium
	2018	100	21.6	0.45	20	4.48	15.00	42.00	3级/中	Level3/ Medium
容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	2015	24	1.32	0.02	1.30	0.08	1.18	1.48	3级/中	Level3/ Medium
	2016	86	1.33	0.01	1.33	0.12	1.08	1.70	3级/中	Level3/ Medium
	2017	93	1.33	0.01	1.33	0.13	1.07	1.70	3级/中	Level3/ Medium
	2018	94	1.33	0.01	1.33	0.13	1.08	1.70	3级/中	Level3/ Medium

指标 Index	样本数 N	平均值 Ave	标准误 SE	中位值 Median	标准差 SD	最小值 Min	最大值 Max
钙Ca (cmol·kg^-1)	84	28.61	2.64	22.85	24.24	0.15	91.70
镁Mg (cmol·kg^-1)	86	2.99	0.18	2.96	1.65	0.50	11.78
硫S (mg·kg^-1)	86	30.95	4.51	19.83	41.85	0.13	300.00
硅Si (mg·kg^-1)	88	142.50	9.18	134.82	86.14	0.12	357.56
铁Fe (mg·kg^-1)	89	22.97	3.38	10.40	31.84	2.30	141.00
锰Mn (mg·kg^-1)	89	14.68	1.13	11.20	10.68	2.00	64.70
铜Cu (mg·kg^-1)	89	1.59	0.08	1.39	0.78	0.47	5.60
锌Zn (mg·kg^-1)	89	2.37	0.27	1.68	2.57	0.16	18.87
硼B (mg·kg^-1)	89	0.69	0.05	0.57	0.45	0.03	2.56
钼Mo (mg·kg^-1)	89	0.17	0.01	0.12	0.14	0.00	0.86
铬Cr (mg·kg^-1)	87	64.44	1.92	62.60	17.92	23.23	133.00
镉Cd (mg·kg^-1)	85	0.19	0.01	0.14	0.14	0.06	0.77
铅 Pb (mg·kg^-1)	84	20.04	0.76	19.20	7.00	10.00	49.70
砷 As (mg·kg^-1)	87	10.85	0.38	11.00	3.57	2.92	32.20
汞 Hg (mg·kg^-1)	87	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.05	0.02	0.38

Quality Change of Cinnamon Soil Cultivated Land and Its Effect on Soil Productivity

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