Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (23): 4201-4214.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.23.002

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Genetic Diversity Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Phenotypic Traits in Hulless Barley Germplasm Resources

BAI YiXiong1,2,ZHENG XueQing1,YAO YouHua1,YAO XiaoHua1,WU KunLun1()   

  1. 1 Academy of Agriculture and Forestry of Qinghai University/Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding/Qinghai Hulless Barley Sub-center of National Triticeae Improvement Center, Xining 810016
    2 College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
  • Received:2019-05-28 Accepted:2019-07-24 Online:2019-12-01 Published:2019-12-01
  • Contact: KunLun WU E-mail:wklqaaf@163.com

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Abstract:

【Objective】The genetic diversity in the hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f.) germplasm resources can be screened to improve phenotypic appearance traits. 【Method】Shannon-Wiener diversity index was used to analyze the genetic diversity of 15 phenotypic traits in 205 hulless barley accessions. The distribution frequency of all phenotypic traits in test germplasm resources were analyzed, which contained the data of Xining and Haibei experiment point. Correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship among all traits; cluster analysis was carried out to clarify its classification of the tested germplasm. Principal component analysis was used to construct a comprehensive evaluation system of hulless barley germplasm resources, and the system was verified by linear regression analysis. Screening excellent hulless barley germplasm resources based on the results of comprehensive evaluation and high yield and stability analysis. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and high yield and stability analysis were used to evaluate the germplasms. 【Result】The genetic variation level of lodging rate was the richest, the genetic variation level of the center of gravity is the most deficient, the genetic variation of the Haibei test plot showed higher than that of Xining point. The genetic diversity of panicle weight was the most abundant, the genetic uniformity of lodging rate was the highest. Except for the lodging rate, the additional traits showed normal or skewed distribution, and the distribution frequency showed the trend of higher middle and lower sides. The spike length and spike weight showed normally distributed in each genotype. Spike length and panicle weight have normal distributions among the hulless barley accessions. The phenotypic traits showed highly significant differences related to environmental, genotypes, and years factors. Genotype and environment (G×E) factors, genotype and year (G×Y) factors and genotype × environment× year (G×E×Y) interactions produced highly significant differences in the phenotypic traits. There was a significant correlation between the indicators among the roots, stems and panicles of the hulless barley, and there was also a significant correlation between the agronomic traits among the tissues. Well-developed root system, greater stem bending resistance, and stronger mechanical retention, reduced the lodging. Susceptibility to lodging of hulless barley limits the growth and development of spikes and reduce spike length, grain number per ear, grain size, and ear weight. This greatly reduces hulless barley yield. The clustering results demonstrated that the germplasm could be divided into three categories. Category one had a high center of gravity and was susceptible to lodging, but the remaining traits were intermediate. Category two contained germplasm with good agronomic qualities such as dwarf, stalk with a low center of gravity and other useful traits. Category three contained germplasm with high plant height, underdeveloped roots, easily to folded stems, and poor panicle performance. The F value results and yield stability analysis identified five types of barley hull germplasms with excellent overall traits, high yield and stability. 【Conclusion】 High genetic diversity exists in the barley germplasm resources. The spike length and spike weight were normally distributed within each genotype. With the exception of the lodging rate, 12 other traits had skewed distributed within the genotypes. Eight traits including root dry weight, center of gravity, stem wall thickness, main stem diameter, stem strength, spike length, kernels per spike and yield are useful indicators for evaluating barley germplasms.

Key words: hulless barley, phenotypic traits, genetic diversity, cluster analysis, comprehensive evaluation

Table 1

Phenotypic traits of hulless barley germplasm resources"

表型性状Phenotypic traits 平均值Mean±SD 变幅Range 变异系数CV (%) 多样性指数H′
根数NOR 30.13±9.70 9.33—75.33 32.18 1.99
根干重RDW (g) 0.65±0.33 0.04—2.41 51.52 1.94
株高PH (cm) 93.19±15.12 41.75—135.34 16.23 2.07
分蘖数NOT 5.22±2.22 1.00—19.75 42.44 2.03
重心位置COG (cm) 37.27±5.47 22.38—67.06 14.68 2.06
茎秆壁厚WT (mm) 0.61±0.27 0.10—2.03 45.19 1.99
茎粗DMS (mm) 3.86±1.10 1.19—7.53 28.57 2.03
茎秆强度SS (N) 4.94±2.50 0.97—15.81 50.58 1.95
穗长SL (cm) 7.17±1.66 2.50—14.25 23.14 2.07
穗重PW (g) 2.70±1.04 0.45—6.04 38.34 2.08
小穗数SN 19.91±4.38 5.00—42.50 21.85 2.07
穗粒数KPS 46.77±16.15 8.25—98.00 34.54 2.07
千粒重TGW (g) 39.95±7.09 21.51—72.45 17.74 2.04
产量Y (kg·hm-2) 4396.80±2249.39 361.42—15409.74 51.16 2.01
倒伏率LR (%) 32.18±39.10 0.00—100.00 121.49 1.41

Fig. 1

Distribution of phenotypic traits in hulless barley germplasms"

Table 2

Genetic variation of phenotypic traits under different environments"

表型性状
Phenotypic traits		 西宁Xining 海北Haibei
平均值Mean±SD 变幅Range 变异系数CV (%) 平均值Mean±SD 变幅Range 变异系数CV (%)
根数NOR 33.89±10.57 9.33—75.33 31.19 26.38±6.96 12.50—52.67 26.40
根干重RDW (g) 0.79±0.35 0.17—2.41 44.06 0.50±0.24 0.04—1.64 48.23
株高PH (cm) 97.84±15.36 47.25—135.34 15.70 88.53±13.36 41.75—122.50 15.09
分蘖数NOT 6.35±2.17 2.75—19.75 34.23 4.10±1.60 1.00—10.50 39.18
重心位置COG (cm) 38.64±5.56 22.38—67.06 14.38 35.90±5.03 22.50—50.00 14.01
茎秆壁厚WT (mm) 0.64±0.24 0.18—2.03 37.89 0.57±0.30 0.10—1.61 52.15
茎粗DMS (mm) 4.58±0.67 2.63—7.53 14.59 3.13±0.96 1.19—6.00 30.75
茎秆强度SS (N) 5.58±2.98 0.97—15.81 53.39 4.30±1.68 1.50—11.59 39.03
穗长SL (cm) 7.35±1.63 3.10—14.13 22.17 7.00±1.67 2.50—14.25 23.92
穗重PW (g) 2.77±0.99 0.58—5.47 35.59 2.63±1.08 0.45—6.04 41.02
小穗数SN 20.32±4.11 5.00—32.00 20.25 19.55±4.56 6.25—42.50 23.31
穗粒数KPS 50.11±15.16 9.75—89.25 30.25 43.43±16.44 8.25—98.00 37.86
千粒重TGW (g) 38.54±7.60 21.51—72.45 19.73 41.36±6.23 26.59—57.60 15.06
产量Y (kg·hm-2) 5533.06±2269.52 1223.29—15409.74 41.02 3260.54±1546.84 361.42—8073.53 47.44
倒伏率LR (%) 41.69±42.48 0.00—100.00 101.89 22.67±32.79 0.00—100.00 144.62

Table 3

Normality test in 205 hulless barley accessions"

环境
Environment		 西宁
Xining		 海北
Haibei		 西宁和海北
Xining and Haibei
根数NOR 0.00 0.00 0.00
根干重RDW (g) 0.00 0.00 0.00
株高PH (cm) 0.05 0.05+ 0.02
分蘖数NOT 0.00 0.00 0.00
重心位置COG (cm) 0.00 0.00 0.00
茎秆壁厚WT (mm) 0.01 0.00 0.00
茎粗DMS (mm) 0.01 0.00 0.00
茎秆强度SS (N) 0.00 0.00 0.00
穗长SL (cm) 0.08+ 0.20+ 0.20+
穗重PW (g) 0.20+ 0.09+ 0.20+
小穗数SN 0.00 0.00 0.00
穗粒数KPS 0.00 0.14+ 0.00
千粒重TGW (g) 0.00 0.20+ 0.00
产量Y (kg·hm-2) 0.02 0.00 0.00
倒伏率LR (%) 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table 4

Analysis of the interaction between genotype and environment of phenotypic traits"

变异来源
Variance sources		 df 根数NOR 根干重RDW 株高PH 分蘖数NOT 重心位置COG 茎秆壁厚WT 茎粗DMS 茎秆强度SS
F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P
基因型Genotype(G) 204 3.45 0.00 6.00 0.00 32.37 0.00 5.17 0.00 13.26 0.00 19.29 0.00 7.79 0.00 7.36 0.00
年份Year(Y) 1 598.80 0.00 1070.65 0.00 1323.06 0.001 1012.97 0.00 329.45 0.00 10457.98 0.00 16269.04 0.00 379.88 0.00
环境Environment(E) 1 808.24 0.00 938.84 0.00 11.64 0.00 75.26 0.00 162.51 0.00 16954.86 0.00 3809.00 0.00 1395.45 0.00
基因型×环境G×E 204 2.83 0.00 4.03 0.00 7.66 0.00 2.46 0.00 3.44 0.00 16.18 0.00 3.36 0.00 2.81 0.00
基因型×年份G×Y 204 3.01 0.00 3.82 0.00 6.03 0.00 2.36 0.00 2.81 0.00 17.36 0.00 2.85 0.00 3.55 0.00
基因型×环境×年份G×E×Y 204 3.39 0.00 3.96 0.00 15.69 0.00 3.85 0.00 3.83 0.00 70.20 0.00 31.43 0.00 5.92 0.00
变异来源
Variance sources		 df 穗长SL 穗重PW 小穗数SN 穗粒数KSP 千粒重TGW 产量Y 倒伏率LR
F P F P F P F P F P F P F P
基因型Genotype(G) 204 10.74 0.00 19.45 0.00 10.33 0.00 25.94 0.00 73.94 0.00 3.83 0.00 1814.24 0.00
年份Year(Y) 1 54.62 0.00 33.26 0.00 41.02 0.00 397.65 0.00 1529.21 0.00 961.55 0.00 60624.73 0.00
环境Environment(E) 1 766.82 0.00 451.23 0.00 251.61 0.00 1018.16 0.00 828.19 0.00 15.51 0.00 49011.26 0.00
基因型×环境G×E 204 2.55 0.00 4.04 0.00 4.42 0.00 4.22 0.00 33.03 0.00 2.03 0.00 690.30 0.00
基因型×年份G×Y 204 3.36 0.00 4.88 0.00 3.66 0.00 4.50 0.00 30.53 0.00 2.29 0.00 510.09 0.00
基因型×环境×年份G×E×Y 204 3.34 0.00 6.60 0.00 5.90 0.00 4.01 0.00 39.47 0.00 5.48 0.00 1450.58 0.00

Table 5

Correlation coefficients of 15 phenotypic traits"

性状
Trait		 根数
NOR		 根干重
RDW		 株高
PH		 分蘖数NOT 重心位置COG 茎秆壁厚厚
WT		 茎粗
DMS		 茎秆强度
SS		 穗长
SL		 穗重
PW		 小穗数
SN		 穗粒数
KPS		 千粒重
TGW		 产量
Y		 倒伏率
LR
根数NOR 1
根干重RDW 0.712** 1
株高PH -0.011 0.079* 1
分蘖数NOT 0.304** 0.312** 0.055 1
重心位置COG 0.131** 0.154** 0.669** 0.043 1
茎秆壁厚WT 0.313** 0.336** 0.071* -0.042 0.146** 1
茎粗DMS 0.312** 0.395** 0.262** 0.305** 0.279** 0.505** 1
茎秆强度SS 0.428** 0.533** 0.042 0.076* 0.261** 0.494** 0.423** 1
穗长SL 0.236** 0.248** 0.001 0.026 0.154** 0.293** 0.134** 0.407** 1
穗重PW 0.231** 0.264** -0.097** -0.168** 0.082* 0.330** 0.278** 0.493** 0.528** 1
小穗数SN 0.200** 0.235** -0.111** 0.009 0.104** 0.277** 0.241** 0.401** 0.680** 0.664** 1
穗粒数KPS 0.290** 0.327** 0.014 -0.200** 0.145** 0.363** 0.343** 0.452** 0.437** 0.836** 0.569** 1
千粒重TGW -0.108** -0.088* -0.058 0.028 -0.036 -0.096** -0.051 -0.022 0.055 0.104** 0.032 -0.165** 1
产量Y 0.436** 0.464** 0.05 0.631** 0.155** 0.200** 0.532** 0.386** 0.300** 0.483** 0.388** 0.493** 0.219** 1
倒伏率LR -0.130** -0.152** 0.507** 0.100** 0.333** -0.161** 0.064 -0.266** -0.181** -0.305** -0.278** -0.181** -0.130** -0.071* 1

Table 6

Principal component analysis of phenotypic traits of hulless barley germplasm resources"

性状Trait PV1a1i PV2a2i PV3a3i PV4a4i PV5a5i PV6a6i PV7a7i
根数NOR 0.604 0.205 -0.393 -0.318 -0.100 0.314 -0.205
根干重RDW (g) 0.664 0.242 -0.352 -0.297 -0.015 0.280 -0.196
株高PH (cm) 0.062 0.749 0.478 0.113 0.066 0.110 -0.059
分蘖数NOT 0.208 0.472 -0.683 0.286 -0.211 -0.065 0.269
重心位置COG (cm) 0.275 0.623 0.487 0.123 0.089 0.275 -0.046
茎秆壁厚WT (mm) 0.583 0.041 0.134 -0.389 0.428 -0.216 0.321
茎粗DMS (mm) 0.607 0.416 -0.049 -0.045 0.217 -0.481 0.125
茎秆强度SS (N) 0.750 0.012 0.022 -0.200 0.260 0.162 0.027
穗长SL (cm) 0.626 -0.238 0.219 0.229 -0.173 0.351 0.416
穗重PW (g) 0.758 -0.39 0.268 0.184 -0.063 -0.138 -0.248
小穗数SN 0.691 -0.345 0.197 0.252 -0.215 0.075 0.272
穗粒数KPS 0.753 -0.234 0.332 -0.026 -0.231 -0.247 -0.323
千粒重TGW (g) -0.008 -0.141 -0.172 0.691 0.603 0.165 -0.178
产量Y (kg·hm-2) 0.710 0.210 -0.371 0.421 -0.111 -0.225 -0.129
倒伏率LR (%) -0.267 0.666 0.296 0.140 -0.268 -0.119 -0.011
特征值E 4.786 2.337 1.754 1.318 0.945 0.874 0.739
贡献率CR (%) 31.909 15.580 11.692 8.785 6.301 5.827 4.927
累计贡献率CCR (%) 31.909 47.489 59.181 67.966 74.268 80.095 85.022

Table 7

Correlation between 12 phenotypic traits and comprehensive scores (F-value)"

性状
Trait		 F值
F-value		 性状
Trait		 F值
F-value
根干重RDW (g) 0.621** 穗长SL (cm) 0.589**
重心位置COG (cm) 0.482** 穗粒数KPS 0.706**
茎秆壁厚WT (mm) 0.575** 产量Y (kg·hm-2) 0.697**
茎粗DMS (mm) 0.678** 茎秆强度SS (N) 0.727**

Fig. 2

205 clusters of hulless barley germplasm cluster analysis"

Fig. 3

AMMI double plot of 205 copies of hulless barley germplasms"

Fig. 4

The meteorological data of Xining and Haibei in 2017-2018"

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