Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (3): 491-502.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.03.009

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Subsoiling and Irrigation Frequency on Water Saving and Yield Increasing of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

QIANG XiaoMan1,ZHANG Kai1,MI ZhaoRong2,LIU ZhanDong1,WANG WanNing1,SUN JingSheng1()   

  1. 1 Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Xinxiang 453002, Henan
    2 School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan
  • Received:2017-07-03 Accepted:2018-08-21 Online:2019-02-01 Published:2019-02-14

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of interactions between subsoiling and irrigation frequency on crop yield and water productivity of winter wheat and summer maize were investigated to optimize tillage practices in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.【Method】 Considering different tillage methods and irrigation times, a field experiment was carried out with five treatments, including autumn subsoiling with two irrigation applications during winter wheat growth period (QS-2), autumn subsoiling with three irrigations applications during winter wheat growth period (QS-3), summer subsoiling with two irrigations applications during winter wheat growth period (XS-2), summer subsoiling with three irrigations applications during winter wheat growth period (XS-3) and control (CK). The effects of subsoiling and irrigation times on soil physical properties, plant growth and development, yield, total output, and water productivity of winter wheat and summer maize were investigated. 【Result】 Subsoiling and irrigation times had significant impacts on soil bulk density, soil compaction, soil water storage, total output and water productivity. After subsoiling, the bulk density decreased significantly in topsoil 40 cm at the first year and in topsoil 20 cm at the second year under all QS-2, XS-2 and XS-3 treatments, compared with CK treatment. The decline of soil compaction was remarkable in the first year, but inapparent in the second year. After autumn subsoiling, the average soil water storage of QS-2 treatment increased by 18.14% compared with CK, and the QS-3 treatment was the second. While, in the second year after summer subsoiling, the XS-2 and XS-3 treatments were significantly higher than CK by 24.7% and 25.6%, respectively. Compared with CK treatment, aboveground biomass of winter wheat increased by 19.29% for QS-2 and 27.06% for QS-3 treatment, respectively, for the first year, while there was slight increase for the second year. This indicated that the improvement of winter wheat growth and development by autumn subsoiling was pronounced in the first year but weak in the second year. However, the leaf area index and aboveground biomass of XS-2 and XS-3 treatments were increased significantly, and this demonstrated that summer subsoiling could improve the winter wheat growth and development in the second year. The total output and water productivity of winter wheat and summer maize rotation for QS-2 treatment were improved by 27.21% and 23.51% in the first year, respectively, and 19.54% and 18.84% in the second year, respectively, meanwhile, there were significant improvement for XS-2 and XS-3 treatment in the second year. The increase of total output and water productivity were 18.50% and 17.65% for XS-2, respectively, and 19.57% and 15.35% for XS-3 treatment, respectively.【Conclusion】 It was concluded that autumn subsoiling before winter wheat seeding could facilitate the reduction of soil bulk density and compaction, increase of soil storage capacity, and improvement of total output and water productivity of winter wheat and summer maize rotation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. It was suggestion that the appropriate tillage practice in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain was autumn subsoiling with two irrigation applications during winter wheat growth stage.

Key words: subsoiling, irrigation frequency, crop yield, water productivity, water saving and yield increasing effects, winter wheat, summer maize

Fig. 1

Monthly precipitation at the study site during 2015-2017"

Table 1

Soil bulk density (g·cm-3) for different subsoiling and irrigation schemes"

年份
Year
处理
Treatments
土层 Soil layer
0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm
2016 QS-2 1.35b 1.38b 1.39b 1.42b 1.47a
QS-3 1.38ab 1.42a 1.48a 1.48a 1.52a
XS-2 1.36b 1.37b 1.38b 1.39b 1.48a
XS-3 1.35b 1.38b 1.39b 1.45ab 1.53a
CK 1.42a 1.45a 1.48a 1.50a 1.53a
2017 QS-2 1.39b 1.40b 1.43a 1.48a 1.49a
QS-3 1.43a 1.45a 1.49a 1.50a 1.51a
XS-2 1.39b 1.41b 1.46a 1.47a 1.47a
XS-3 1.40b 1.41b 1.48a 1.51a 1.54a
CK 1.45a 1.46a 1.49a 1.52a 1.55a

Table 2

Soil compaction (kPa) for different subsoiling and irrigation schemes"

年份
Year
处理
Treatments
土层 Soil layer
0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm
2016 QS-2 395b 736b 1007b 1151b 1558a
QS-3 320b 712b 1142b 1249b 1499a
XS-2 286b 556b 925b 1207b 1425a
XS-3 256b 655b 1012b 1195b 1529a
CK 680a 1137a 1521a 1651a 1789a
2017 QS-2 625a 1236a 1386a 1593a 1669a
QS-3 620a 1112a 1258a 1469a 1578a
XS-2 559a 1189a 1406a 1520a 1702a
XS-3 656a 1055a 1456a 1402a 1689a
CK 696a 1337a 1620a 1689a 1896a

Fig. 2

Soil moisture dynamics of winter wheat with soil depth 100 cm for different subsoiling and irrigation schemes (2017)"

Fig. 3

Soil moisture dynamics of summer maize with soil depth 100 cm for different subsoiling and irrigation schemes (2017)"

Table 3

Growth and development of winter wheat during grain-filling stage for different subsoiling and irrigation schemes"

年份
Year
处理
Treatments
株高
Plant height (cm)
叶面积
Leaf area (cm2/plant)
地上生物量
Aboveground biomass (t·hm-2)
2016 QS-2 64.74a 43.03a 17.81a
QS-3 72.46a 50.05a 18.97a
XS-2 53.98b 35.65ab 16.52b
XS-3 60.87b 39.49a 16.91b
CK 56.67b 31.73b 14.93b
2017 QS-2 71.58a 48.10a 18.05b
QS-3 72.29a 52.68a 18.18b
XS-2 78.69a 53.26a 19.02a
XS-3 75.29a 56.67a 19.98a
CK 63.82a 39.64b 15.69b

Table 4

Growth and development of summer maize during tasseling stage for different subsoiling and irrigation schemes"

年份
Year
处理
Treatments
株高
Plant height (cm)
叶面积
Leaf area (cm2/plant)
地上生物量
Aboveground biomass (t·hm-2)
2016 QS-2 289.56ab 7608.12a 14.77a
QS-3 279.68ab 7518.67a 15.02a
XS-2 269.04b 7896.88a 16.43a
XS-3 298.61a 7989.61a 16.9a
CK 258.47b 6377.21b 12.68b
2017 QS-2 277.62b 6966.21b 16.98b
QS-3 289.36a 7236.98ab 17.69b
XS-2 288.99a 7889.85a 19.68a
XS-3 291.58a 7952.58a 20.56a
CK 269.85b 6789.22b 15.69b

Table 5

Crop yields, economic benefits and water productivities for different subsoiling and irrigation schemes"

年份
Year
处理
Treatments
冬小麦产量
Winter wheat yield (kg·hm-2)
夏玉米产量
Summer maize yield (kg·hm-2)
总耗水量
Water consumption
(mm)
总产出值
Output
(yuan/hm2)
水分生产效率
Water productivity (yuan/m3)
2016 QS-2 11310a 10897a 829.14 42317.20a 5.10a
QS-3 12006a 10006a 859.28 42422.80a 4.94a
XS-2 8690b 12620a 830.70 39310.00a 4.73b
XS-3 9025b 12089a 821.56 39197.40a 4.77b
CK 8190b 9530b 805.04 33266.00b 4.13c
2017 QS-2 10599a 10803a 820.23 40602.60a 4.95a
QS-3 9928ab 10578a 850.27 38766.40ab 4.56b
XS-2 11011a 10015a 821.30 40248.20a 4.90a
XS-3 10285a 11240a 845.25 40611.00a 4.80a
CK 8394b 9586b 815.40 33964.40b 4.17b
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