湖南不同季别稻作系统的生态能值分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.23.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Hunan paddy ecosystem is mainly one- and double-cropping rice patterns ecosystem. By evaluating the effects of the adjustment of cropping patterns on the planting efficiency of rice grain in different seasons, this paper was expected to provide decision basis for the sustainable management of paddy.【Method】In this paper, raw data on the input and output of environmental resources and economic resources in the ecosystem of early rice, semilate rice and late rice in Hunan from 2002 to 2016 were obtained through relevant statistical yearbook. emergy analysis theory and method were used to analyze the dynamic development status and comprehensive development level of the different seasons paddy ecosystem. Then the input and output efficiency of paddy were evaluated by emergy analysis index and compared with the traditional economic profit rate index.【Result】From 2002 to 2016, the input emergy of natural resources in Hunan paddy ecosystem was relatively stable, and the input emergy was mostly dependent on purchasing emergy and tended to increase. The emergy input structure was adjusted to be mechinery>labor+animal>fertilizer>pesticide or seed>fuel>organic fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization gradually replaced the artificial, animal - based production mode. Purchasing emergy input per 1000 hm ²planting area: the density of unrenewable industrial emergy showed a significant growth trend, and the density of machinery operation emergy was the highest contribution rate in the unrenewable industrial emergy inputs. The density of fertilizer emergy inputs was the semilate rice ecosystem>early and late rice, and it stayed high for years. The density of pesticide emergy inputs was semilate and late rice ecosystem>early rice, and it tended to increase. Density of renewable organic emergy inputs had been tended to reduce. Although the labor emergy decreased significantly, its contribution rate was still the highest in the renewable organic emergy inputs. The density of rice seeds emergy inputs for early rice ecosystem>late rice>semilate rice, and early rice and late rice tend to increase. The density of animal emergy had been converted into semilate rice ecosystem>early and late rice, and the trend was decreasing. Organic fertilizer inputs tended to reduce unceasingly. The purchase emergy inputs had been converted into the semilate rice>early>late rice ecosystem from 2012. The emergy outputs of the unit planting area, ecological and economic average profit margin of rice were the semilate rice ecosystem>late rice>early rice. The planting area of early rice was always lower than that of late rice. The variation trend of the emergy index of Hunan paddy ecosystem was: the emergy input ratio (EIR) in the late rice ecosystem>early and semilate rice; the emergy yield ratio (EYR) in the semilate rice>late rice>early rice. The ecosystem puts less pressure on the environment, but the environmental load ratio (ELR) increases rapidly and it was the late rice ecosystem>early and semilate rice. The sustainable development index (ESI) had dropped significantly to<2, and converted into the semilate rice ecosystem>early and late rice after 2008. 【Conclusion】The rice production mode in Hunan paddy ecosystem had been modernized day by day. The ecosystem was dynamic but its potential was declining. The rice production mode belonged to extensive operation, which large inputs of industrial emergy cause short-term ecosystem pressure in environment, ecological and economic profit margins declining. It was not conducive to long-term sustainable development ecosystem. Although the semilate rice ecosystem’s ELR, ESI, average rate of profit is still better than the early and late rice ecosystem, but it’s EYR, ecological and economic profit margins were in the larger decline by using more labor, animal power, chemical fertilizers and pesticides and its mechanical emergy efficiency was low, leading to the competitive advantage to reduce. The seed emergy input of early rice ecosystem was high and the emergy yield density and profit rate were low. The comprehensive benefit of purchasing emergy of late rice ecosystem was higher. The contradictions in regional unbalanced development of modern paddy planting technology were still outstanding. Regardless of the grain in different seasons, the cost-benefit method which based on market value underestimates the real value of the paddy ecosystem. The different incentive policies should be formulated by government according to early, semilate and late rice, so as to safeguard farmers’ interests and realize sustainable paddy production.

Key words: rice, ecosystem, emergy analysis, efficiency, Hunan Province

ZHOU Jiang,XIANG PingAn. Ecological Emergy Analysis of Different Paddy Ecosystems in Hunan Province[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(23): 4496-4514.

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Figures/Tables 16

Table 1

Table 2

Emergy evaluation of paddy ecosystem in Hunan Province from 2002 to 2016"

项目 Item	能值转换率 Transformity (sej/J或sej/g)	太阳能值 Solar emergy
		单位 Unit	2002			2004			2006			2008			2010			2012			2014			2016
		单位 Unit	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice
可更新自然资源最大项 Renewable natural Resources maxterm (R)		×10²⁰sej	11.36	7.94	9.78	9.7	5.61	5.32	10.24	5.81	6.33	7.44	4.88	6.56	9	9.39	5.57	9.6	8.52	5.86	7.03	6.96	6.77	11.18	9.27	7.49
太阳能 Solar radiation	1^[36]	×10¹⁹sej	1.88	1.56	2.31	2.22	1.64	2.6	2.43	1.76	2.6	2.45	1.64	2.67	2.09	2.35	2.21	2.19	2.27	2.28	2.23	2.25	2.29	2.18	2.31	2.24
雨化学能 Rain chemical emergy	18199^[36]	×10²⁰sej	11.36	7.94	9.78	9.7	5.61	5.32	10.24	5.81	6.33	7.44	4.88	6.56	9	9.39	5.57	9.6	8.52	5.86	7.03	6.96	6.77	11.18	9.27	7.49
雨势能 Rain potential emergy	10488^[36]	×10¹⁹sej	6.5	4.54	5.59	5.55	3.21	3.04	5.85	3.32	3.62	4.25	2.79	3.75	5.15	5.37	3.18	5.49	4.87	3.35	4.02	3.98	3.87	6.39	5.3	4.28
不可更新自然资源 Unrenewable natural resource (N)		×10¹⁹sej	3.55	2.94	4.36	4.2	3.1	4.92	4.6	3.32	4.92	4.64	3.1	5.04	3.95	4.45	4.18	4.13	4.29	4.31	4.21	4.25	4.33	4.12	4.37	4.23
表土净损失 Net loss of topsoil	74000^[36]	×10¹⁹sej	3.55	2.94	4.36	4.2	3.1	4.92	4.6	3.32	4.92	4.64	3.1	5.04	3.95	4.45	4.18	4.13	4.29	4.31	4.21	4.25	4.33	4.12	4.37	4.23
工业辅助能小计 Industrial auxiliary emergy subtotal (F)		×10²¹sej	1.59	1.01	1.73	1.45	1.03	1.82	2.19	1.39	2.42	2.86	1.58	3.04	2.75	2.11	2.9	3.42	2.5	3.56	3.7	3.11	3.92	3.49	3.21	3.64
氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer	3.80×10^9[36]	×10²⁰sej	9.9	6.29	9.67	8.15	5.71	9.28	7.92	4.66	8.8	7.58	4.38	8.11	5.94	5.61	5.82	5.19	5.27	5.63	5.15	4.9	5.31	4.75	4.82	4.85
磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer	3.90×10^9[36]	×10¹⁹sej	23.19	1.49	5.37	19.08	1.35	5.16	26.47	1.79	11.03	15.07	1.12	12.82	10.59	1.64	5.06	6	6.3	0.44	2.21	2.2	1.05	2.74	1.9	1.11
钾肥 Potassic fertilizer	1.10×10^9[36]	×10¹⁹sej	5.93	0.51	7.67	4.88	0.47	7.36	5.61	4.39	8.04	5.46	2.3	6.08	2.38	0	3.62	1.86	1.97	2.63	1.32	1.51	2.12	1.81	1.61	3.08
复合肥 Compound fertilizer	2.80×10^9[36]	×10²⁰sej	0.02	1.71	2.42	0.02	1.55	2.32	2.75	1.96	3.33	3.75	1.9	3.97	4.28	1.48	4.74	5.2	4.32	5.7	6.17	5.41	6.5	6.76	5.89	7.46
续表2 Continued table 2
项目 Item	能值转换率 Transformity (sej/J或sej/g)	太阳能值 Solar emergy
		单位 Unit	2002			2004			2006			2008			2010			2012			2014			2016
		单位 Unit	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice
农药Pesticide	1.60×10^9[36]	×10¹⁹sej	3.35	3.73	5.97	4.81	4.65	8.31	7.69	6.22	12.1	6.34	3.64	9.66	5.42	5.47	7.86	6.34	6.65	9.71	6.75	7.47	8.56	6.79	7.52	8.94
农膜 Plastic film	3.80×10^9[36]	×10¹⁸sej	7.68	0	0	4.38	0.1	1.64	4.34	0	0.29	3.1	0	0	2.02	0	0	2.03	0	0	1.99	0	0	1.62	0.34	0
燃料Fuel	6.60×10^4[36]	×10¹⁹sej	5.63	3.26	2.92	4.59	0.11	4.49	3.44	0.05	2.15	3.94	1.33	2.42	2.31	1.62	2.74	3.2	2.03	3.49	4.93	3.09	4.44	5.48	3.53	4.16
机械作业 Mechanical power	7.50×10^7[45]	×10²¹sej	0.21	0.12	0.3	0.3	0.23	0.4	0.69	0.44	0.88	1.41	0.77	1.52	1.52	1.16	1.65	2.2	1.37	2.27	2.41	1.94	2.58	2.17	1.99	2.24
可更新有机能小计 Renewable organic emergy subtotal (R₁)		×10²¹sej	3.35	1.92	3.36	3.48	1.6	3.48	3.37	1.71	2.99	2.91	1.51	2.63	2.03	2.14	1.81	1.83	2.07	1.67	1.73	1.69	1.55	1.54	1.19	1.31
人工 Labor force	3.80×10^5[45]	×10²¹sej	2.73	1.66	3	2.75	1.4	2.96	2.61	1.48	2.54	2.1	1.12	2.15	1.43	1.57	1.51	1.33	1.4	1.42	1.2	1.22	1.32	1.09	9.23	1.12
畜力 Animal power	1.46×10^5[45]	×10²⁰sej	2.62	1.7	1.73	3.57	1.05	3.15	3.91	1.45	2.39	3.78	2.89	2.57	2.17	4.41	1.18	0.1	5.67	0.61	1.17	3.98	0.22	0.31	1.87	0.07
种子Seed	2.00×10^5[45]	×10²⁰sej	2.5	0.42	0.98	2.43	0.53	1.32	2.8	0.47	1.23	3.35	0.51	1.66	3.11	0.61	1.31	3.68	0.57	1.49	3.95	0.58	1.9	3.94	0.67	1.65
有机肥 Organic fertilizer	2.70×10^4[45]	×10¹⁹sej	11.21	4.6	8.71	12.76	4.29	7.72	9.01	3.72	8.08	9.8	5.4	5.57	7.6	6.76	5.13	4.17	4.23	3.56	2.21	1.61	2.4	2.15	1.55	1.35
能值总投入 Total emergy input (T=R+N+F+R₁)		×10²¹sej	6.12	3.75	6.11	5.94	3.22	5.88	6.63	3.71	6.09	6.56	3.61	6.37	5.72	5.23	5.3	6.25	5.46	5.86	6.17	5.54	6.2	6.19	5.37	5.74
稻谷能值产出 Yield emergy	8.30×10^4[36]	×10²²sej	0.75	0.73	1.12	1.1	0.9	1.39	1.21	0.97	1.4	1.27	1.17	1.46	9.34	1.11	1.13	1.11	1.15	1.27	1.09	1.15	1.3	1.04	1.27	1.32
产出能值密度 Yield emergy density(sej/khm²)		×10¹⁸sej	6.13	9.03	7.43	7.6	10.56	8.18	7.6	8.42	8.24	7.91	9.37	8.4	6.86	9.05	7.81	7.76	9.69	8.57	7.53	9.84	8.68	7.34	10.43	8.47
资源占比 (R+N)/T		%	19.15	21.95	16.72	17.03	18.4	9.89	16.13	16.56	11.2	12.06	14.37	11.1	16.44	18.79	11.29	16.01	16.39	10.74	12.08	13.33	11.62	18.73	18.07	13.77
工业辅助能占比F/T		%	26.07	26.89	28.31	24.42	31.88	30.9	33	37.42	39.77	43.55	43.79	47.66	48.07	40.25	54.62	54.64	45.77	60.81	59.9	56.19	63.34	56.41	59.74	63.45
可更新有机能占比R₁/T		%	54.78	51.16	54.97	58.55	49.72	59.21	50.87	46.03	49.03	44.39	41.83	41.24	35.49	40.96	34.09	29.35	37.84	28.46	28.02	30.48	25.04	24.86	22.19	22.77

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

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	2000	2002	2004	2006	2008	2010	2012	2014	2016
早稻Early rice	1516	1225	1450	1587	1600	1361	1425	1453	1421
中稻Semilate rice	632	813	856	917	856	1228	1183	1174	1206
晚稻Late rice	1748	1504	1696	1698	1739	1442	1487	1494	1459
总面积Total	3896	3542	4001	4202	4195	4031	4095	4121	4086

项目 Item	2002			2004			2006			2008			2010			2012			2014			2016
项目 Item	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice
机械 Machinery	4.32	4.04	5.94	6.01	8.92	7.57	12.32	14.24	16.19	24.49	24.89	26.82	31.77	27.36	35.03	41.91	30.02	43.37	44.43	40.37	47.16	43.13	45.28	45.24
化肥 Chemical fertilizer	25.95	28.03	26.3	21.42	28.34	24.27	24.95	28.57	25.96	23.2	24.65	24.66	24.1	20.53	24.3	21.29	22.83	22.23	21.51	22.26	22.14	23.8	25.12	25.7
农药 Pesticide	0.68	1.27	1.17	0.98	1.77	1.57	1.38	2.01	2.24	1.1	1.17	1.71	1.13	1.29	1.67	1.21	1.46	1.86	1.24	1.56	1.56	1.35	1.71	1.81
燃料 Fuel	1.14	1.11	0.57	0.93	0.04	0.85	0.62	0.01	0.4	0.68	0.43	0.43	0.48	0.38	0.58	0.61	0.45	0.67	0.91	0.64	0.81	1.09	0.8	0.84
人工 Labor	55.12	56.76	58.97	55.81	53.28	55.82	46.96	47.76	47.03	36.41	36.14	37.94	29.83	37.04	32.05	25.33	30.68	27.19	22.03	25.33	24.03	21.71	20.96	22.65
畜力 Animal power	5.31	5.8	3.4	7.24	4	5.95	7.03	4.68	4.41	6.55	9.34	4.54	4.53	10.37	2.51	1.82	12.41	1.16	2.15	8.29	0.4	0.61	4.24	0.15
种子 Seed	5.06	1.42	1.92	4.93	2.01	2.49	5.04	1.51	2.28	5.81	1.63	2.93	6.51	1.44	2.78	7	1.24	2.85	7.28	1.21	3.46	7.84	1.53	3.34
有机肥 Organic fertilizer	2.27	1.57	1.71	2.59	1.63	1.46	1.62	1.2	1.49	1.7	1.74	0.98	1.59	1.59	1.09	0.79	0.93	0.68	0.41	0.34	0.44	0.43	0.35	0.27

年份 Year	成本-收益分析法 Cost-benefit analysis method			能值分析法（只计算购买能值） Emergy analysis method (only calculating purchasing emergy)			能值分析法（含自然资源能值） Emergy analysis (including natural resources emergy)
年份 Year	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice	早稻 Early rice	中稻 Semilate rice	晚稻 Late rice
2002	-11.38	31.12	11.97	51.84	150.70	119.45	22.76	95.68	82.76
2004	40.77	100.78	69.37	123.38	243.90	161.95	85.34	180.61	136.05
2006	22.30	37.53	45.88	116.74	149.33	158.85	81.77	108.05	129.85
2008	25.91	44.74	41.88	119.42	159.16	158.00	92.97	121.92	129.37
2010	9.37	40.79	43.70	95.54	161.71	139.28	63.39	112.52	112.26
2012	21.78	33.06	28.49	110.49	151.13	143.48	76.79	109.97	117.33
2014	7.71	14.82	19.22	101.64	140.61	136.75	77.29	108.53	109.24
2016	-1.87	24.26	12.41	107.39	185.82	149.64	68.55	134.18	115.26

Ecological Emergy Analysis of Different Paddy Ecosystems in Hunan Province

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