不同授粉组合对‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study is to explore the effect of different pollination cultivars on apple quality and volatile substance, and to provide a basis for the breeding of efficient self-pollination trees and improvement of apple fruit quality.【Method】This study investigated the apple cultivars including ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’, which were pollinated before the blooming period by pollen from efficient pollination trees ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongjin’ ‘Hongwu’, ‘Gala’ pollen was served as a control. The content of flavonoids in fruits was measured at fruit development stage every 20 days. The external and internal quality of fruits at maturity stage were determined, such as fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit hardness, volatile substances and peel anthocyanin content.【Result】Except for titratable acid, the quality indexes of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ apple fruits were higher than those of the control under the conditions of different pollination trees. After the ‘Fuji’ apple was pollinated by ‘Hongling’, its fruit shape index, hardness, anthocyanin and soluble sugar content increased significantly, 1.12, 1.15, 1.28 and 1.12 times as much as that of the control, respectively. After the ‘Starkrimson’ apple was pollinated by ‘Hongwu’, its single fruit weight, fruit shape index, anthocyanin, soluble solids, and soluble sugar content all increased significantly, 1.22, 1.12, 2.48, 1.10 and 1.11 times as much as that of the control, respectively. The titratable acid content was significantly reduced, only 75% of the control. During the whole growth period of fruit development, the content of flavonoids in apples of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ treated by different pollination trees was higher than that of the control, and there were significant differences among different cultivars. At 160 d after flowering, the content of flavonoids in the fruit of ‘Fuji’ pollinated by ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongjin’ and ‘Hongwu’ increased by 19.63%, 28.72%, and 13.97%, respectively. At 120 d after flowering, the content of flavonoids in ‘Starkrimson’ apples increased by 14.18%, 15.26%, and 4.24%, respectively. The difference was significant. The relative contents of total ester volatiles in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ apple fruits pollinated by ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongwu’ ‘Hongjin’ and control pollination were 50.20%, 52.03%, 42.68%, 45.10%, and 71.08%, 68.85%, 71.83%, 66.03%. After pollinated by ‘Hongling’, the content of total ester volatile substances in fruits of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ increased significantly, the content of ethyl 2-methyl-butyrate was 1.14 and 203.91 times as much as that of the control, respectively. In ‘Fuji’ apple, the content of 2-methyl-butyl acetate in pollination fruits of ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongwu’ and ‘Hongjin’ was 1.73, 1.07 and 1.36 times as much as that of the control, respectively. The content of ethyl caproate and butyl acetate was 1.09, 1.12, 1.29 and 1.50, 0.77, 1.30 times as much as that of the control, respectively. In ‘Starkrimson’ apple, the content of 2-methyl-butyl acetate and ethyl caproate was 1.82, 1.27, 0.93 and 2.57, 1.15, 0.27 times as much as that of the control after pollinated by ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongwu’ and ‘Hongjin’, respectively, the content of butyl acetate was 7.83, 3.48 and 3.30 times as much as that of the control. In addition, the content of hydrocarbons of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ apples after pollinated by ‘Hongling’ was higher than that of the control, which mainly showed the increase in farnesene. 【Conclusion】The appearance and intrinsic quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ were improved significantly by high efficient pollination trees. The effect of different pollination combinations on the quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ apples was significantly different. After pollinated by ‘Hongling’, the quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’apple fruits was significantly improved.

Key words: pollination, ‘Fuji’ apple, ‘Starkrimson’ apple, nutrient substance, aroma

ManMan ZHANG, ZengHui WANG, YunFei MAO, ShanShan CHAI, XiaoHong ZHAO, YiChang FAN, Wei NI, ZhiQuan MAO, XueSen CHEN, Xiang SHEN. Effects of Different Pollination Combinations on the Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ Apple[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(18): 3551-3560.

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Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Table 3

Effect of different pollination combinations on content of major volatile substances of apple fruit (μg/100 g FW)"

化合物名称 Compound name	富士Fuji				新红星Starkrimson
化合物名称 Compound name	红菱Hongling	红雾Hongwu	红锦Hongjin	对照Control	红菱Hongling	红雾Hongwu	红锦Hongjin	对照Control
酯类Ester	1195.23	500.31	627.65	663.23	3948.89	1811.84	1995.26	971
乙酸-2-甲基丁酯2-Methyl-butyl acetate	228.33	141.25	179.26	131.76	392.22	274.47	201.11	215.88
乙酸己酯Hexyl acetate	200.24	75.77	—	—	—	—	436.67	—
异戊酸己酯Hexyl isovalerate	134.52	41.15	61.91	89.26	—	—	—	52.35
己酸丁酯Butyl caproate	125.48	13.56	22.21	45.15	—	—	—	—
己酸己酯Hexyl hexanoate	82.14	14.62	24.71	45.88	108.33	48.16	54.44	17.94
2-甲基丁酸丁酯Butyl 2-methyl-butanoate	75.95	25.48	35.29	51.62	—	70.26	87.22	24.26
丙酸己酯Hexyl propionate	65.24	—	—	31.47	235.56	—	115.00	—
己酸乙酯Ethyl hexanoate	64.76	66.83	76.62	59.41	1122.22	503.95	118.33	437.50
乙酸丁酯Butyl acetate	45.48	23.37	39.26	30.29	109.44	48.68	46.11	13.97
丙酸丁酯Butyl propanoate	33.57	6.54	17.35	21.62	55.56	22.89	26.39	5.29
丁酸丁酯Butyl butyrate	30.48	13.27	22.65	26.32	92.78	87.37	95.83	13.38
2-甲基丁酸异丙酯2-Methylbutyric acid isopropyl ester	22.14	5.19	16.47	15.00	—	—	—	26.03
己酸丙酯Propyl hexanoate	18.10	—	5.88	13.97	212.78	116.32	107.78	19.26
2-甲基丁酸戊酯2-Methyl butyrate	11.67	2.40	4.12	7.65	52.78	24.74	—	—
丁酸乙酯Ethyl butanoate	6.19	7.31	8.82	4.26	—	—	—	9.71
丙酸丙酯Propyl propanoate	4.52	—	3.09	2.79	32.78	20.79	19.72	1.91
异丁酸己酯Hexyl isobutyrate	4.52	—	2.21	3.09	—	—	—	1.76
辛酸丙酯Propyl octanoate	3.57	—	—	2.06	3.33	1.05	1.67	—
乙酸丙酯Propyl acetate	3.33	—	—	2.21	—	16.05	16.67	—
辛酸乙酯Ethyl caprylate	3.33	4.81	8.53	3.24	2.78	—	1.11	—
庚酸乙酯Ethyl Heptanoate	3.10	3.37	3.82	2.94	6.11	—	—	—
2-甲基丁酸乙酯Ethyl 2-methyl-butyrate	14.29	12.88	31.18	12.50	179.44	—	—	0.88
丁酸丙酯Propyl butanoate	11.90	3.85	13.68	8.82	122.22	85.26	68.33	15.44
异丁酸丁酯Butyl isobutyrate	2.38	1.83	2.35	1.03	2.78	—	0.83	—
乙酸戊酯Pentyl acetate	—	20.48	24.71	17.65	65.56	41.32	35.00	18.97
丁酸己酯Hexyl butanoate	—	13.37	23.53	33.24	—	—	—	—
丁酸戊酯Amyl butyrate	—	2.98	—	—	—	—	—	—
乙酸-2-甲基丙酯2-Methyl-propyl acetate	—	—	—	—	3.33	1.05	0.83	—
异丙基-2-甲基丁酸酯Isopropyl-2-methylbutyrate	—	—	—	—	160.56	113.16	96.94	—
乙酸庚酯Heptyl acetate	—	—	—	—	4.44	—	1.11	—
正己基丁酸丁酯Butyl n-butyl butylate	—	—	—	—	541.11	178.16	225.00	95.59
己基2-甲基丁酸酯Hexyl 2-methylbutyrate	—	—	—	—	442.78	157.37	239.17	0.00
异己酸乙酯Ethyl isohexanoate	—	—	—	—	—	0.79	—	0.88
醇类Alcohols	240.97	183.17	178.98	202.49	83.34	76.58	52.78	80.89
仲辛醇Octanol	238.58	110.10	90.74	122.35	—	—	—	—
己醇Hexanol	126.20	27.88	38.09	35.29	66.67	50.53	40.00	66.18
乙醇Ethanol	66.20	29.52	21.62	33.82	—	—	—	—
2-甲基丁醇2-Methyl-butanol	45.72	15.67	26.47	11.03	16.67	22.89	10.56	14.71
正丁醇1-Butanol	5.24	—	2.06	—	—	3.16	2.22	—
醛类Aldehydes	26.90	65.77	70.59	49.42	43.89	29.21	27.22	56.47
2-己烯醛2-Hexenal	—	39.42	41.18	33.24	35.00	25.00	23.89	43.09
正己醛Hexana	53.80	26.35	29.41	16.18	8.89	4.21	3.33	13.38
烃类Hydrocarbons	537.38	119.24	133.09	298.38	655.55	230.00	315.83	128.54
乙苯Henylethane	10.96	3.37	3.38	1.91	—	—	—	5.74
十六烷Cetane	—	—	—	—	—	4.47	3.33	1.47
十七烷Heptadeeane	—	—	—	—	8.33	—	0.28	0.59
法呢烯α-Farnesene	1063.80	115.87	129.71	296.47	647.22	225.53	312.22	120.74

Table 3

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品种 Cultivar	直径 Diameter (cm)	果色 Fruit color	果熟期 Fructescence	主要特征 Main characteristics
红菱Hongling	0.8-1.0	紫红色Purple	8月中旬Mid-August	两端均凹陷,脱萼Both ends are sunken, fruit calyx off
红锦Hongjin	1.0-1.5	橙红色Orange red	8月中旬Mid-August	两端均凹陷,果萼短Both ends are sunken and the fruit calyx is short
红雾Hongwu	1.0-1.5	暗红色Dark red	9月上旬Early September	果点明显,果萼极长,外凸Fruit point is obvious, fruit calyx is very long, convex

处理 Treatment	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	果形指数 Fruit shape index	硬度 Hardness (kg·cm^-2)	花色苷 Anthocyanin (mg·g^-1)	可溶性固形物 Soluble solid (%)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)	可滴定酸 Titratable acid (%)
FS-对照FS-Control	212.01±5.55b	0.78±0.01b	7.42±0.33b	0.25±0.03b	12.08±0.22b	10.50±0.25b	0.37±0.03a
FS-红菱FS-Hongling	229.83±2.97a	0.87±0.01a	8.53±0.26a	0.32±0.01a	12.94±0.16a	11.80±0.14a	0.31±0.03ab
FS-红锦FS-Hongjin	223.86±3.64ab	0.87±0.03a	7.80±0.32ab	0.28±0.01ab	12.48±0.27ab	10.87±0.21b	0.30±0.01ab
FS-红雾FS-Hongwu	231.29±3.14a	0.85±0.02a	7.65±0.28ab	0.27±0.02ab	12.71±0.14ab	11.07±0.23b	0.28±0.02b
HX-对照HX-Control	195.92±2.92c	0.83±0.02b	7.04±0.24b	0.25±0.01c	11.67±0.25b	9.80±0.31b	0.44±0.02a
HX-红菱HX-Hongling	226.48±2.78b	0.92±0.04a	7.92±0.38ab	0.43±0.04b	12.58±0.32ab	10.81±0.29a	0.41±0.03a
HX-红锦HX-Hongjin	216.77±4.23b	0.85±0.02ab	8.05±0.21a	0.37±0.02b	12.29±0.37ab	10.71±0.27a	0.37±0.02ab
HX-红雾HX-Hongwu	238.27±2.49a	0.93±0.03a	7.79±0.20ab	0.62±0.02a	12.88±0.19a	10.89±0.10a	0.33±0.02b

Effects of Different Pollination Combinations on the Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ Apple

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