冷季补饲对放牧牦牛生长性能、甲烷排放及经济效益的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.019

Abstract

Abstract:

【Background】Yaks are climate-smart ruminant livestock species endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, insufficient forage nutrient supply during the cold season often leads to body weight loss, impaired health status, and restricted productive performance in grazing yaks. Therefore, appropriate cold-season supplementation to improve nutrient supply, enhance productive performance, and reduce methane (CH₄) emission intensity is an important strategy for promoting healthy, efficient, green, and low-carbon development of plateau animal husbandry. 【Objective】This study systematically investigated the effects of cold-season supplementation on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, CH₄ emissions, and economic benefits in grazing yaks, with the aim of providing scientific evidence for promoting the green and low-carbon transition of animal husbandry, supporting the “dual carbon” goals, and safeguarding ecological and food security.【Method】A single-factor completely randomized experimental design was adopted. Twenty healthy male yaks of the same age and similar body weight were selected and randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or a concentrate-supplemented group (GSG), with 10 animals per group. The yaks were 3 years old and had an average body weight of (278 ± 9.4) kg. After daily grazing, yaks in the GSG group were individually supplemented with 1.0 kg concentrate per head per day, whereas those in the CON group received no additional supplementation and grazed natural pasture only. The trial lasted 40 days, including a 10-day adaptation period and a 30-day experimental period. Methane emissions were continuously measured for 7 days using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) tracer technique, and rumen fluid and fecal samples were collected at the end of the trial for the determination of apparent nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters. Methane emission intensity was calculated based on CH₄ emissions, body weight, and dry matter intake during the experimental period. 【Result】Compared with the CON group, concentrate supplementation significantly increased total weight gain and average daily gain in grazing yaks (P<0.001), enabling the animals to maintain body weight rather than lose condition during the cold season. Concentrate supplementation also significantly improved the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P<0.05). In addition, concentrate supplementation significantly increased the concentration of microbial crude protein (MCP) in rumen fluid and the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, and isovalerate (P<0.05). Concentrate supplementation had no significant effect on daily CH₄ emissions or CH₄ emission intensity per unit of metabolic body weight (CH₄/BW^0.75; P>0.10), but significantly reduced CH₄ emission intensity per unit of dry matter intake (CH₄/DMI; P<0.05). Economic analysis showed that concentrate supplementation reduced economic losses in cold-season grazing yaks by 79.1%. 【Conclusion】Under cold-season grazing conditions, supplementation with 1.0 kg concentrate per yak per day improved forage nutrient utilization efficiency, enhanced productive performance, and reduced CH₄ emission intensity per unit of dry matter intake by modulating rumen fermentation patterns. These findings suggest that moderate concentrate supplementation could contribute to the coordinated improvement of productive, economic, and ecological benefits in yak production systems.

Key words: cold season supplementary feeding, grazing yaks, SF₆ tracer technique, methane emission, economic benefit

MA ZhiYuan, LU Lin, CAO Ze, GONG HuanYu, WANG WenBo, RAN YaNan, MI JianDui, JING XiaoPing, HE XiaoQiang, LONG RuiJun. Effects of Cold-Season Supplementary Feeding on Growth Performance, Methane Emissions, and Economic Benefits of Grazing Yaks[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(20): 4684-4696.

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原料 Ingredient (%)	天然牧草 Pasture	精料补充料 Concentrate supplement	营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾	天然牧草 Pasture	精料补充料 Concentrate supplement
玉米 Corn	-	45.00	粗蛋白 CP (%)	4.89	20.0
豆粕 Soybean meal	-	12.56	中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%)	59.2	37.0
麸皮 Wheat bran	-	10.64	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%)	37.8	12.5
小麦 Wheat	-	6.80	粗脂肪 EE (%)	1.42	2.22
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	-	8.50	粗灰分 Ash (%)	7.68	7.77
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	-	12.50	钙 Ca (%)	1.30	1.80
磷酸氢钙 Dicalcium phosphate	-	1.20	磷 P (%)	0.40	0.43
氯化钠 Sodium chloride	-	0.80	总能 GE (MJ·kg^-1)	16.9	17.0
预混料 Premix¹⁾	-	2.00

牦牛编号 Yak number	渗透管号 Permeation tube number	线性回归方程 Regression equation	决定系数 R²	渗透速率 Permeation Rate (mg·d^-1)
C1	Y40	y=-0.0035x+59.523	0.9989	3.5
C2	Y8	y=-0.0039x+59.865	0.9991	3.9
C3	Y13	y=-0.0032x+58.691	0.9992	3.2
C4	Y50	y=-0.0033x+59.982	0.9990	3.3
C5	Y6	y=-0.0034x+59.988	0.9992	3.4
C6	Y17	y=-0.0027x+59.475	0.9989	2.7
C7	Y12	y=-0.0027x+58.785	0.9991	2.7
G1	Y3	y=-0.0029x+59.203	0.9990	2.9
G2	Y36	y=-0.0038x+59.444	0.9991	3.8
G3	Y16	y=-0.0034x+59.181	0.9992	3.4
G4	Y4	y=-0.0028x+58.259	0.9992	2.8
G5	Y9	y=-0.0029x+59.800	0.9990	2.9
G6	Y7	y=-0.0037x+60.048	0.9992	3.7
G7	Y39	y=-0.0036x+60.014	0.9987	3.6

项目 Item	组别 Group		SEM	P
项目 Item	CON	GSG	SEM	P
初始体重 Initial body weight (kg)	280.6	275.8	2.100	0.265
终末体重 Final body weight (kg)	268.2	277.1	2.400	0.062
总增重 Total weight gain (kg)	-12.4	1.3	1.843	<0.001
平均日增重 Average daily gain (g·d^-1)	-413	43.3	61.44	<0.001

项目 Item	组别 Group		SEM	P
项目 Item	CON	GSG	SEM	P
干物质 DM	55.8	62.0	1.63	0.031
有机物 OM	56.5	63.3	1.71	0.026
粗蛋白 CP	55.3	66.4	2.06	0.039
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	53.9	60.5	1.85	0.035
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	45.1	50.7	2.67	0.098

项目 Item	组别 Group		SEM	P
项目 Item	CON	GSG	SEM	P
pH	6.82	6.63	0.083	0.246
氨态氮NH₃-N (mg·dL^-1)	6.92	7.05	0.417	0.880
微生物蛋白 MCP (mg·100 mL^-1)	5.47	10.2	0.674	<0.001
总挥发性脂肪酸 Total VFA (mmol·L^-1)	48.2	55.5	1.840	0.042
乙酸 Acetate (mmol·L^-1)	37.9	42.8	1.450	0.089
丙酸 Propionate (mmol·L^-1)	6.72	8.12	0.280	0.008
异丁酸 Isobutyrate (mmol·L^-1)	0.40	0.48	0.019	0.029
丁酸 Butyrate (mmol·L^-1)	2.59	3.34	0.175	0.028
异戊酸 Isovalerate (mmol·L^-1)	0.30	0.44	0.021	<0.001
戊酸 Valerate (mmol·L^-1)	0.24	0.29	0.026	0.382
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/Propionate	5.67	5.30	0.163	0.272

Effects of Cold-Season Supplementary Feeding on Growth Performance, Methane Emissions, and Economic Benefits of Grazing Yaks

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项目 Item	组别 Group		SEM	P
项目 Item	CON	GSG	SEM	P
干物质采食量 Dry matter intake (DMI, kg·d^-1)	3.45	4.47	0.071	<0.001
甲烷排放 CH₄ emission
CH₄日排放量 CH₄daily emission (g·d^-1)	73.6	78.7	1.330	0.102
CH₄/代谢体重 CH₄/BW^0.75 (g·kg BW^⁻0.75)	1.11	1.17	0.020	0.147
CH₄/干物质采食量 CH₄/DMI (g·kg^-1)	21.3	17.6	0.430	0.001