Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (20): 4673-4683.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.018

• SPECIAL FOCUS: THEORY, TECHNOLOGY AND PRACTICE OF LOW-CARBON TRANSITION IN AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS AND ENTERIC METHANE MITIGATION IN RUMINANTS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Low-Soybean Meal Diets on Dairy Cow Production Performance and Methane Emission

SHEN YueYu1,2(), CHEN ShaoKan2, MA YaDong1, LIU JianYe2, ZHANG YaYi2, CHEN Tong2, ZHAO Xin2, ZHANG Xin1, TU Yan1()   

  1. 1 Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
    2 Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Company Limited, Beijing 100029
  • Received:2025-12-31 Accepted:2026-09-03 Online:2026-10-16 Published:2026-10-21
  • Contact: TU Yan

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Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the comprehensive effects of replacing soybean meal with varying proportions of a combination of expanded urea and either double-low rapeseed meal or rapeseed meal on dairy cow production performance, milk composition, methane emissions, and economic benefits under large-scale farm conditions. It sought to provide technical solutions for cost reduction and emission mitigation in dairy farming.【Method】A total of 138 Holstein dairy cows were randomly allocated into three groups with 46 cows each group. Three treatment groups were designed: the 100% group (full soybean meal diet), the 50% group (50% soybean meal plus expanded urea + double-low rapeseed meal + rapeseed meal replacement), and the 0% group (full double-low rapeseed meal + rapeseed meal replacement). The pre-trial period lasted 7 days, followed by a 35-day main trial. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded, milk composition and methane emissions were measured, and economic benefits were calculated.【Result】① Production performance: After adjusting for parity and days in milk, no significant differences were observed in average milk yield between groups during the trial period. However, the 50% group exhibited an upward trend in milk production throughout the trial. ② Milk composition: The milk urea nitrogen content increased with the higher proportion of soybean meal replacement. No significant differences were observed in milk fat percentage or milk protein percentage among the treatment groups. Post-trial milk urea nitrogen levels in both the 100% and 0% groups were significantly higher than pre-trial levels. ③ Methane emission: The 50% group exhibited the highest methane emissions, while the 0 substitution group exhibited the lowest, which were extremely significantly lower than the other two groups. ④ Economic benefit: The 50% group showed the greatest improvement in economic benefits per cow before and after the trial, with the highest overall economic revenue, followed by the 0% group, with the 100% group showing a relatively smaller increase.【Conclusion】Under conditions of equal nitrogen and energy intake, partially or completely replacing soybean meal with expanded urea and double-low rapeseed meal or rapeseed meal maintained dairy cow milk yields while significantly reducing methane emissions and milk urea nitrogen levels. Dairy farms should select an appropriate soybean meal replacement strategy based on environmental requirements and economic objectives. Under current market and policy conditions, environmental benefits alone could not be directly translated into economic profits; therefore, production performance remained the core determinant of farm profitability

Key words: dairy cows, low soybean meal diet, production performance, milk composition, methane emissions, economic benefits

Table 1

Experimental group of dairy cows"

处理组
Treatment group		 数量
Number		 产奶量
Milk yield (kg·d-1)		 泌乳天数
Day in milk (d)		 胎次
Parity
全豆粕组 Group 100% 46 46.82±9.43 142.75±61.41 2.19±0.48
50%豆粕组 Group 50% 46 44.81±8.92 97.65±54.99 1.63±0.73
0豆粕组 Group 0% 46 43.62±9.25 119.64±59.08 1.72±0.68

Table 2

Basic diet composition and nutritional levels (DM basis, %)"

原料
Ingredient		 全豆粕组
Group 100%		 50%豆粕组
Group 50%		 0豆粕组
Group 0%		 营养水平
Nutrient level		 全豆粕组
Group 100%		 50%豆粕组
Group 50%		 0豆粕组
Group 0%
玉米压片 Corn flake 11.60 11.00 10.70 粗蛋白质 Crude protein 15.70 15.70 15.70
膨化大豆 Puffed soybean 0.00 0.40 0.00 泌乳净能1) NEL(MCal·kg-1)1) 1.77 1.77 1.77
精补料+颗粒料
Concentrate feed + Pellet feed		 40.20 38.20 42.20 中性洗涤纤维 NDF 26.20 27.50 27.70
脂肪酸钙 Calcium salt of fatty acid 0.40 0.40 0.40 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 15.10 16.20 17.60
脂肪粉 Fat powder 0.90 1.20 1.90 木质素 Lignin 3.50 4.10 4.90
DDGS 1.10 1.10 0.70 物理有效纤维 PeNDF 18.80 19.20 19.10
棉籽 Cotton seed 3.70 5.70 6.00 粗料中NDF 17.40 17.00 16.00
玉米皮 Corn husk 1.90 1.90 0.70 淀粉 Starch 31.40 31.40 31.30
进口苜蓿草 Alfalfa hay 4.40 3.70 3.50 糖 Sugar 4.40 4.00 4.00
国产苜蓿草 Alfalfa hay 1.80 2.40 1.00 粗脂肪 Crude fat 4.20 5.00 5.80
国产燕麦草 Oat straw 1.80 1.80 1.80 粗料 Coarse fodder 40.00 39.20 37.40
苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage 1.60 1.60 1.50
玉米青贮 Corn silage 30.60 30.60 29.50
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Fig. 1

Polynomial fitting plot comparing daily milk yield changes across treatment groups during the trial period"

Table 3

Effects of low-soybean meal diets on dairy cow production performance"

处理组
Treatment group		 试验前
Prior to the experiment		 试验后
After the experiment		 差值
Difference		 P值
P value
全豆粕组 Group 100% 46.82 46.46 -0.36 0.829
50%豆粕组 Group 50% 44.81 45.34 0.53 0.607
0豆粕组 Group 0% 43.62 43.79 0.17 0.244

Table 4

Effects of low-soybean meal diets on dairy cow milk components"

项目
Items		 处理组
Group		 试验前
Prior to the experiment		 试验后
After the experiment		 SEM P值
P value
尿素氮
MUN (mg·dL-1)		 全豆粕组 Group 100% 10.45a 13.11b 0.23 <0.01
50%豆粕组 Group 50% 11.2a 12.52b 0.27 0.012
0豆粕组 Group 0% 11.02 10.59 0.26 0.417
乳蛋白率
Milk protein (%)		 全豆粕组 Group 100% 3.22 3.23 0.03 0.743
50%豆粕组 Group 50% 3.09 3.05 0.04 0.596
0豆粕组 Group 0% 3.25 3.16 0.04 0.253
乳脂率
Milk fat percentage (%)		 全豆粕组 Group 100% 3.35 3.33 0.07 0.906
50%豆粕组 Group 50% 3.24 3.09 0.08 0.387
0豆粕组 Group 0% 3.46 3.23 0.11 0.287

Fig. 2

Methane emissions from experimental cattle in the treatment groups A: Scatter plot with line chart comparing weekly average methane emissions between treatment groups; B: Polynomial fitting plot comparing daily methane emission variations between treatment groups during the experimental period"

Table 5

Impact of low-soybean-meal diets on the economic efficiency of dairy cattle farming"

全豆粕组 Group 100% 50%豆粕组 Group 50% 0豆粕组 Group 0%
试验前
Prior to the experiment		 试验后
After the experiment		 差值
Difference		 试验前
Prior to the experiment		 试验后
After the experiment		 差值
Difference		 试验前
Prior to the experiment		 试验后
After the experiment		 差值
Difference
干物质采食量（kg/头）
Dry matter intake (kg/head)		 28.12 27.23 -0.89 26.98 26.72 -0.26 28.12 26.46 -1.66
饲养日成本（元/头）
Daily feeding cost (Yuan/head)		 75.31 73.51 -1.80 72.26 71.56 -0.70 75.31 74.85 -0.46
产奶量（kg/头）
Milk yield (kg/head)		 46.82 46.46 -0.36 44.81 45.34 0.53 43.62 43.79 0.17
牛奶售价（元/kg）
Milk price (Yuan /kg)		 3.20 3.20 0.00 3.20 3.20 0.00 3.20 3.20 0.00
牛奶销售（元/头）
Milk sales revenue (Yuan/head)		 149.82 148.67 -1.15 143.39 145.09 1.70 139.58 140.13 0.54
经济效益（元/头）
Net revenue (Yuan/head)		 74.52 75.16 0.65 71.14 73.53 2.39 64.28 65.28 1.00
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