荞麦的起源、进化与传播

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.21.001

Abstract

Abstract:

China is one of the four major centers of agricultural origin in the world, where two distinct agricultural systems were established: the rice-based system represented by the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the dryland farming system represented by the Yellow River basin. Historical records and archaeological evidence indicate that as early as the Shang Dynasty, oracle bone inscriptions already mentioned crops such as millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), wheat, rice, and soybeans. During the pre-Qin period, the concept of the ‘Five Grains’ was established, and in The Book of Songs (Shijing), the broader term ‘Hundred Grains’ also appeared as a general reference to food crops. However, it is noteworthy that buckwheat, a crop native to China, has long been absent from these documented grain systems. This omission is inconsistent with the fact that buckwheat is an indigenous Chinese crop with high genetic diversity, significant local variation, and a long history of cultivation and domestication in cold mountainous regions. This study conducts a systematic review of the literature related to the origin, evolution, and spread of buckwheat, integrating recent findings in archaeobotany and genetic diversity analysis. Following internationally accepted principles for identifying crop origin centers, and drawing on historical texts, biological characteristics, and distribution patterns, the study presents comprehensive evidence supporting the hypothesis that southwestern China-particularly Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and the southern fringe of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-is the center of origin, genetic diversity, and domestication for Fagopyrum species. There are 23 species of Fagopyrum identified in China, including three cultivated species-common buckwheat (F. esculentum), tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum), and golden buckwheat (F. cymosum)-and 20 wild species, the majority of which are concentrated in southwestern China. This region is not only the native habitat of the ancestral subspecies of common and tartary buckwheat (F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale and F. tataricum ssp. potanini), but also the area with the richest diversity of Fagopyrum, strongly indicating its status as the origin center. Furthermore, molecular markers and phylogenetic studies confirm close genetic relationships between wild and cultivated buckwheat species in this region, providing key evidence for reconstructing domestication pathways. With advancements in modern research, buckwheat has gained recognition not only for its short growth cycle, broad adaptability, and resilience to poor soils and cold climates, making it suitable for cultivation in remote and mountainous areas, but also for its grain's rich content of proteins, flavonoids, and functional sugar alcohols. As a highly promising functional coarse grain crop, buckwheat is particularly suited to the development of characteristic agriculture in central and western China. It holds significant potential for ecological sustainability, nutritional health, and high-value agricultural development, and is expected to play an important role in China’s national nutrition strategy and food diversity conservation. This study provides theoretical and empirical evidence to support the scientific designation of China as the center of origin and domestication of buckwheat, laying a solid foundation for future work in germplasm conservation, variety improvement, and industrial development.

Key words: buckwheat, origin, center of genetic diversity, crop domestication, archaeobotanical evidence, dissemination

WEI YiMin, ZHOU MeiLiang, TANG Yu. Origin, Evolution and Spread of Crop Buckwheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(21): 4305-4316.

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Figures/Tables 2

Table 1

Table 2

The discovery, dating and reference of buckwheat in China"

地点 Site	遗址 Ruin	文化期 Culture	分析样本 Sample	样品碳同位素年代鉴定 C¹⁴ dating	结果描述 Result	参考文献 Reference
陕西扶风Fufeng, Shaanxi	新店剖面 Xindian Profile	全新世 Holocene	孢粉 Pollen	无 None	孢粉学研究发现荞麦花粉 Pollen analysis revealed Fagopyrum pollen	[44]
甘肃天水 Tianshui, Gansu	西山坪遗址 Xishanping Site	全新世 Holocene	孢粉 Pollen	无 None	孢粉学研究发现荞麦花粉 Pollen analysis revealed Fagopyrum pollen	[45]
甘肃临潭陈旗 Chenqi, Lintan, Gansu	磨沟遗址 Mogou Site	齐家文化 Qijia culture, 4000 a BP	墓葬牙结石 Dental calculus from 2 individuals in tomb	无 None	从牙结石中分离出荞麦淀粉 Fagopyrum starch grains were isolated from dental calculus	[46]
云南澄江Chengjiang, Yunnan	学山遗址 Xueshan Site	石寨文化 Shizhai culture, Neolithic-Bronze Age	普通荞麦籽粒 Common buckwheat grains	无 None	浮选出149粒荞麦籽粒；22粒籽粒特性测定结果为：长2.89 mm，宽2.43 mm 149 grains were recovered by flotation; 22 measured grains averaged 2.89 mm in length and 2.43 mm in width	[48]
云南剑川Jianchuan, Yunnan	海门口遗址 Haimenkou Site	青铜器时代 Bronze Age	籽粒 Grains	无 None	发现7粒荞麦籽粒 Seven buckwheat grains were identified	[49]
内蒙古赤峰Chifeng, Inner Mongolia	巴彦塔拉遗址 Bayantala Site	辽代Liao Dynasty, 916-1123 AD	籽粒 Grains	无 None	发现4粒荞麦籽粒，平均长3.7 mm，宽3.2 mm，厚1.0 mm Four grains identified, average: length 3.7 mm, width 3.2 mm, thickness 1.0 mm	[51]
吉林白城Baicheng, Jilin	孙长青遗址 Sunchangqing Site	辽金时期Liao-Jin Period, Liao: 916-1123 AD; Jin: 1115-1234 AD	籽粒 Grains	无 None	发现4粒完整荞麦籽粒；平均长3.68 mm，宽3.2 mm，厚0.90 mm；为吉林地区首次发现 Four complete grains identified; average size: 3.68 mm×3.2 mm×0.90 mm. First discovery in Jilin	[50]
喜马拉雅地区Himalayan Region	Mebrak/ Phuszeling	—	普通与苦荞籽粒 Common and tartary buckwheat grains	有 Yes	发现25粒荞麦籽粒，包括F. esculentum与F. tataricum；碳同位素测年为距今3000-2400年 25 grains identified, including F. esculentum and F. tataricum; ¹⁴C dating: 3000-2400 cal BP	[54]
云南迪庆Diqing, Yunnan	—	—	籽粒 Grains	有 Yes	粒数不详；碳同位素测年结果为距今3000-2700年 Number of grains unspecified; ¹⁴C dating: 3000-2700 cal BP	[55]
甘肃民乐 Minle, Gansu	四坝滩遗址 Sibatan Site	新石器晚期-青铜器时代早期 Late Neolithic-early Bronze Age	籽粒 Grains	有 Yes	发现6粒甜荞麦籽粒（F. esculentum）；3粒完整籽粒经¹⁴C测年为3610-3458 cal BP Six grains identified; 3 dated to 3610-3458 cal BP by ¹⁴C analysis	[52-53]

Table 2

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序号 Number	中文名称 Chinese name	种名 Species name	亚种 Subspecies	变种 Variety
1	西藏野荞麦	F. tibeticum (A.J.Li) Adr. Sanchez & Jan. Burke
2	硬枝野荞麦	F. urophyllum (Bur. et Fr.) H. gross
3	金荞麦	F. cymosum Meisn
4	抽葶野荞麦（长柄野荞麦）	F. statice (Lévl.) H. Gross
5	海螺沟野荞麦	F. hailuogouense J. R. Shao, M. L. Zhou & Q. Zhang
6	齐蕊野荞麦	F. homotropicum Ohnishi
7	苦荞麦（鞑靼荞麦）	F. tartaricum Gaertn	苦荞野生近缘种 F. tataricum ssp.potanini Batalin
8	皱叶野荞麦	F. crispatofolium J. L. Liu
9	普格野荞麦	F. pugense T. Yu
10	灌野荞麦	F. rubifolium Ohsaka et Ohnishi
11	细柄野荞麦	F. gracilipes (Hemsl.) Dammer. Ex Diels
12	螺髻山野荞麦	F. luojishanense J. R. Shao
13	长花柱野荞麦	F. longistylum M. Zhou & Y. Tang
14	甜荞麦（普通荞麦）	F. esculentum Moench	甜荞野生近缘种 F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale Ohnishi
15	卵叶野荞麦	F. capillatum Ohnishi
16	疏穗野荞麦（尾叶野荞麦）	F. caudatum (Sam.) A. J. Li, comb. nov		大花疏穗野荞麦 Fagopyrum caudatum var. grandiflorum M. Zhou & Y.Tang
17	心叶野荞麦（岩野荞麦）	F. gilesii (Hemsl.) Hedberg
18	线叶野荞麦	F. lineare (Sam.) Haraldson
19	金沙野荞麦	F. jinshaense Ohsako et Ohnish
20	小野荞麦	F. leptopodum (Diels) Hedberg		疏穗小野荞麦 F. leptopodum (Diels) Hedberg var. grossii Lauener et Ferguson
21	羌彩野荞麦	F. qiangcai D. Q. Bai
22	纤梗野荞麦	F. gracilipedoides Ohsako et Ohnishi
23	理县野荞麦	F. macrocarpum Ohsaka et Ohnishi

Origin, Evolution and Spread of Crop Buckwheat

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