应用15N示踪技术研究控释尿素在稻田中的去向及利用率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.014

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The purpose of this paper was to compare the characteristics of nitrogen (N) transformation in soil-plant system between controlled release urea and conventional urea under optimum nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium rates, and to explore the utilization potential of controlled release urea-N and its effect on reducing N loss, and to study quantitatively on the fate and recovery efficiency of controlled release urea in paddy soil, thus providing basis for the efficient application of controlled release fertilizer. 【Method】A field microplot experiment was employed with three N fertilizer treatments (no N applied, CK; ¹⁵N labelled conventional powder urea, U; ¹⁵N labelled controlled release urea, CRU) to study fertilizer N uptake, distribution and translocation in rice, fertilizer N fate and recovery efficiency in paddy soil. 【Result】Dry matter and ¹⁵N accumulation of stem and sheath by rice plants increased gradually along with the progress of rice growth, and reached the maximum at anthesis. Compared with U treatment, the dry matter of stem by rice plants in CRU treatment at anthesis increased by 13.8%, that of sheath was not significantly changed, and ¹⁵N accumulation of stem and sheath by rice plants in CRU treatment increased by 62.5% and 25.5%, respectively, then decreased due to the continuous transfer of dry matter and ¹⁵N of vegetative organs to grain. With the senescence of the leaves falling off, the dry matter and ¹⁵N accumulation of leaves decreased gradually from the heading stage, reaching the minimum at maturity. Dry matter and ¹⁵N accumulation of panicles increased from the booting stage, reaching the maximum at maturity. At maturity, compared with U treatment, the dry matter and ¹⁵N accumulation of stem, sheath, panicles, and aboveground by rice plants in CRU treatment increased by 17.3%, 13.2%, 3.5%, 3.7% and 25.0%, 20.0%, 15.8%, 13.3%, respectively, while those of leaves decreased by 14.6% and 15.2%, respectively. From anthesis to maturity, the dry matter and ¹⁵N translocation, translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency to grain in CRU treatment were 286.78 g·m^-2, 32.3%, 30.8% and 2.69 g·m^-2, 67.2%, 83.8%, respectively, slightly increased compared to U treatment, but not statistically significant. However, the nutrient supply from filling to maturity was abundant in CRU treatment, which promoted the grain filling rate of rice, and promoted the dry matter accumulation in grains, the assimilation of nitrogen, and the rapid transfer of nutrients from vegetative organs to grains. Compared with U, grain yield and N uptake of rice plants increased slightly, but there was no statistically significant difference; CRU treatment increased ¹⁵N accumulation by 13.3%, improved ¹⁵N use efficiency by 3.2 percentage points, increased N derived from ¹⁵N fertilizer by 2.9 percentage points, increased soil ¹⁵N residual rate by 0.9 percentage points, improved total ¹⁵N recovery efficiency by 4.0 percentage points, and reduced ¹⁵N loss by 4.0 percentage points. Regardless of application of controlled release urea or conventional urea, soil N was the main source of N for growth and development of rice, and the N from soil was more than 70% during rice growth period. The residual amount of fertilizer nitrogen in soil decreased significantly with the increase of soil depth. After harvest, fertilizer ¹⁵N mainly remained in the 0-20 cm soil layer, accounting for 78% of the total residue. The second was 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layer, and the fertilizer ¹⁵N residue in the two soil layers was similar, accounting for about 19% of the total residue. Below 60 cm soil layer, there was still a trace amount of fertilizer ¹⁵N residue, accounting for less than 4% of the total residue. 【Conclusion】 Controlled release urea could improve dry matter and N accumulation, and increase the dry matter and N translocation after anthesis (especially from filling to maturity), and reduce the loss of fertilizer nitrogen while maintaining grain yield and improving fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency.

Key words: controlled release urea, ¹⁵N tracer technique, fate of nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, paddy field

PengFei LI, XiaoKun LI, WenFeng HOU, Tao REN, RiHuan CONG, ChangWen DU, LieHuo XING, ShaoHua WANG, JianWei LU. Studying the Fate and Recovery Efficiency of Controlled Release Urea in Paddy Soil Using ¹⁵N Tracer Technique[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(20): 3961-3971.

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References 39

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处理 Treatment	取样时期 Sampling stage	干物质量 Dry matter (g·m^-2)
处理 Treatment	取样时期 Sampling stage	茎 Stem	鞘 Sheath	叶 Leaf	籽粒 Grain	穗轴 Cob	穗 Panicle	合计 Total
U	孕穗期 Booting	32.45c (7.1)	179.52c (39.3)	219.33b (48.0)	—	—	25.97e (5.7)	457.27d
	抽穗期 Heading	128.47b (15.4)	248.91b (29.8)	282.95a (33.9)	127.24d (15.2)	47.42c (5.7)	174.66d (20.9)	834.99c
	开花期 Anthesis	242.49a (17.6)	301.50a (21.9)	265.28a (19.3)	518.20c (37.6)	50.13c (3.6)	568.33c (41.2)	1377.60b
	灌浆期 Filling	143.61b (9.7)	253.03b (17.1)	196.15bc (13.3)	827.28b (55.9)	60.14b (4.1)	887.42b (60.0)	1480.21a
	成熟期 Maturity	130.89b (8.9)	196.16c (13.3)	191.73c (13.0)	892.38a (60.4)	65.95a (4.5)	958.33a (64.9)	1477.11a
CRU	孕穗期 Booting	51.22d* (8.3)	283.40a* (46.2)	244.82b* (39.9)	—	—	34.11e* (5.6)	613.55d*
	抽穗期 Heading	201.80b* (21.1)	265.89a* (27.8)	285.74a (29.9)	156.57d* (16.4)	45.84c (4.8)	202.41d* (21.2)	955.84c*
	开花期 Anthesis	275.86a* (19.2)	289.80a (20.2)	266.67ab (18.6)	548.43c* (38.2)	54.98b* (3.8)	603.41c* (42.0)	1435.74b
	灌浆期 Filling	142.73c (9.2)	282.71a* (18.2)	209.83c* (13.5)	858.15b (55.2)	60.56a (3.9)	918.71b (59.1)	1553.98a*
	成熟期 Maturity	153.57c* (10.0)	222.08b* (14.5)	163.72d* (10.7)	930.62a (60.8)	61.17a* (4.0)	991.79a (64.8)	1531.16a

处理 Treatment	取样时期 Sampling stage	¹⁵N积累量 ¹⁵N accumulation (g·m^-2)
处理 Treatment	取样时期 Sampling stage	茎Stem	鞘Sheath	叶Leaf	籽粒Grain	穗轴Cob	穗Panicle	合计Total
U	孕穗期 Booting	0.08c (2.4)	0.71b (21.1)	2.46a (73.2)	—	—	0.11e (3.3)	3.36c
	抽穗期 Heading	0.22b (5.5)	0.83b (20.9)	2.47a (62.2)	0.34d (8.6)	0.11a (2.8)	0.45d (11.4)	3.97b
	开花期 Anthesis	0.32a (6.2)	0.98a (19.1)	2.10b (40.9)	1.61c (31.4)	0.12a (2.3)	1.73c (33.7)	5.13a
	灌浆期 Filling	0.12c (3.5)	0.54c (15.7)	0.62c (18.1)	2.07b (60.3)	0.08b (2.3)	2.15b (62.6)	3.43c
	成熟期 Maturity	0.28a (7.0)	0.40d (10.0)	0.46d (11.5)	2.77a (69.4)	0.08b (2.0)	2.85a (71.4)	3.99b
CRU	孕穗期 Booting	0.14c* (3.3)	1.16ab* (27.4)	2.79a* (65.8)	—	—	0.15e* (3.5)	4.24b*
	抽穗期 Heading	0.37b* (7.8)	1.12b* (23.7)	2.51b (53.2)	0.54d* (11.4)	0.18b* (3.8)	0.72d* (15.2)	4.72b*
	开花期 Anthesis	0.52a* (8.3)	1.23a* (19.7)	2.04c (32.7)	2.23c* (35.7)	0.22a* (3.5)	2.45c* (39.2)	6.24a*
	灌浆期 Filling	0.18c* (3.8)	0.80c* (16.8)	0.93d* (19.5)	2.74b* (57.4)	0.12c* (2.5)	2.86b* (59.9)	4.77b*
	成熟期 Maturity	0.35b* (7.7)	0.48d* (10.6)	0.39e* (8.6)	3.21a* (71.0)	0.09d* (2.0)	3.30a* (73.0)	4.52b*

处理 Treatment	时期 Stages	干物质转运量 Day matter translocation (g·m^-2)	转运效率 Translocation efficiency (%)	对籽粒的贡献率 Contribution efficiency to grain (%)	¹⁵N转运量 ¹⁵N translocation (g·m^-2)	¹⁵N转运效率 ¹⁵N translocation efficiency (%)	对籽粒的贡献率 Contribution efficiency to grain (%)
U	开花期—灌浆期 Anthesis-Filling	206.47	24.0	23.1	2.15	61.1	77.7
U	开花期—成熟期 Anthesis-Maturity	274.66	32.0	30.8	2.30	65.3	83.0
CRU	开花期—灌浆期 Anthesis-Filling	191.50	21.6	20.6	1.97	49.3	61.5
CRU	开花期—成熟期 Anthesis-Maturity	286.78	32.3	30.8	2.69	67.2	83.8

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (g·m^-2)	植株吸氮量 Total N uptake (g·m^-2)	来自肥料的氮 N from fertilizer (g·m^-2)	较U处理增加Increase（%）	Ndff (%)	较U处理增加百分点Increase percentage points	来自土壤的氮 N from soil (g·m^-2)	较CRU处理增加Increase（%）	Ndfs (%)	较CRU处理增加百分点Increase percentage points	激发氮量 Stimulated N (g·m^-2)	较CRU处理增加Increase（%）
CK	768.35b	9.09b	—	—	—	—	9.09b	—	100.0a	—	—	—
U	892.38a	16.50a	3.99	—	24.2	—	12.51a	3.1	75.8b	2.9	3.42	12.5
CRU	930.62a	16.65a	4.52	13.3	27.1	2.9	12.13a	—	72.9b	—	3.04	—

处理 Treatment	施氮量 N applied (g·m^-2)	¹⁵N吸收量 ¹⁵N uptake (g·m^-2)	氮肥利用率 N recovery efficiency (%)		土壤残留 Residual in soil		根系吸收 Uptake by root		总回收 Total recovery		氮损失 N loss
处理 Treatment	施氮量 N applied (g·m^-2)	¹⁵N吸收量 ¹⁵N uptake (g·m^-2)	差减法 Difference method	¹⁵N示踪法 ¹⁵N tracer method	¹⁵N 残留量 ¹⁵N residue	¹⁵N残留率 ¹⁵N residue rate (%)	¹⁵N吸收量 ¹⁵N uptake (g·m^-2)	¹⁵N利用率 ¹⁵N use efficiency (%)	¹⁵N总回收量 ¹⁵N recovery	¹⁵N总回收率 ¹⁵N recovery rate (%)	¹⁵N 损失量 ¹⁵N loss (g·m^-2)	¹⁵N损失率¹⁵N loss rate (%)
U	16.5	3.99b	44.9a	24.2b	1.50b	9.1b	0.28a	1.7a	5.77b	35.0b	10.7a	65.0a
CRU	16.5	4.52a	45.8a	27.4a	1.65a	10.0a	0.26a	1.6a	6.43a	39.0a	10.1a	61.0a

Studying the Fate and Recovery Efficiency of Controlled Release Urea in Paddy Soil Using ¹⁵N Tracer Technique

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Studying the Fate and Recovery Efficiency of Controlled Release Urea in Paddy Soil Using 15N Tracer Technique

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Studying the Fate and Recovery Efficiency of Controlled Release Urea in Paddy Soil Using ¹⁵N Tracer Technique