Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (8): 1639-1652.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.08.004

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Different Light Quality on Growth Acceleration and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Barley

LI ZhiWei1,2(), WANG ZiQi2,3, GAO YaMeng2, GAO RunHong4, CHEN Xue2, YANG Zhu2,5, KAN WenJie2,5, JIAN ShuangLing2, YAN ShengNan2, TANG CaiGuo1,2,5,*(), WU LiFang1,2,3,5,*()   

  1. 1 Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601
    2 The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031
    3 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032
    4 Biotech Research Institute/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106
    5 Graduate School Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026
  • Received:2025-09-09 Accepted:2026-02-22 Online:2026-04-16 Published:2026-04-21
  • Contact: TANG CaiGuo, WU LiFang

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Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of different light quality combinations on the growth and development, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, expression of key flowering genes, and single-plant grain formation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), to optimize the light quality ratio, and to achieve a breeding configuration enabling multiple generations per year, so as to promote the application of rapid breeding technology in barley. 【Method】 Under controlled environmental conditions, two spring-type two-rowed beer barley cultivars, including Hua 22 and Yanmai 3, were cultivated under six LED spectral combinations: white light (W), red light (R, λmax≈660 nm), blue light (B, λmax≈450 nm), and red-blue composite lights (1R﹕1B, 1R﹕3B, and 3R﹕1B). The "accelerating effect" of different light quality combinations was comprehensively evaluated using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method. This evaluation was based on monitoring key developmental stages throughout the entire growth cycle, measuring photosynthetic physiological parameters, analyzing the transcript levels of key flowering genes via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and assessing yield components (number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight). 【Result】Under the white light (W) treatment, although Hua 22 and Yanmai 3 completed a generation cycle within 50 and 44 days, respectively, they exhibited a lower number of grains per plant and a reduced germination rate. In contrast, 3R﹕1B light combination ensured rapid barley growth (Hua 22, 56 days per generation; Yanmai 3, 49 days per generation), which also significantly improved the number of grains per spike and seed germination rates. No significant differences were observed in the SPAD value, photosynthetic parameters, or chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the 3R﹕1B treatment and white light treatment. With the increase in blue light proportion, the whole growth period of barley was prolonged, and the SPAD value, photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters all decreased. qRT-PCR results indicated that light qualities with a high red light ratio accelerated the reproductive process by upregulating flowering-promoting factors, such as HvFT1, HvBM3, and HvAP1, as well as downregulating the flowering repressor HvRAV2-like.【Conclusion】The 3R﹕1B light spectrum not only ensured the rapid growth and development of barley but also significantly increased grain yield, achieving optimal multi-generation cycles per year. This study laid a technical foundation for rapid breeding in barley.

Key words: barley, light quality ratio, speed breeding, photosynthetic characteristics, entropy weight-TOPSIS

Fig. 1

Spectral ratio used in this experiment"

Table 1

Gene-specific primers for qRT-PCR"

基因Gene name 正向引物Forward primer (5′→3′) 反向引物Reverse primer (5′→3′)
HvFT1 GGCGGCAATGAGATGAGGA GGAAGAGCACGAGCACGAA
HvBM3 TGAGTGGAGCAACAACAAGC GCCTTCAGGTGGAGTCGTAT
HvBM8 GGCGAAGATTGAGACCATACAG TGCCTCTCCACCAGTTCCT
HvAP1 CGAGTTCTCCACCGAGTCAT TGTCTCAACCTTCGCCTTCA
HvRAV2-like GTATTGGAACAGCAGCCAGAG CCGAGCAGGAGAACACGAT
HvAGL CATCGGCATCATCATCTTCTCC CCTTCTCCACTGGCACTCTT
HvActin CCAGGTATCGCTGACCGTAT GCTGAGTGAGGCTAGGATGG

Fig. 2

Growth period, grains per spike, thousand grain weight, and germination rate of two barley cultivars under different light quality treatments Different lowercase letters indicated significant difference between different treatments for the same cultivar (P<0.05). The same as below"

Fig. 3

SPAD of barley leaves under different light quality treatments"

Table 2

Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters of H22 under different light quality treatments"

处理
Treatment		 项目Item
最大荧光比例
Fm/Fo		 潜在光化学活性
Fv/Fo		 最大光化学效率Fv/Fm 实际光化学量子产量ΦPo 有效光化学量子产量ΦEo 热耗散量子产额
ΦDo
W 5.52±0.33a 4.60±0.27a 0.82±0.01a 0.82±0.01a 0.53±0.04a 0.18±0.01b
R 5.31±0.23a 4.31±0.23b 0.81±0.01ab 0.81±0.01ab 0.50±0.04ab 0.19±0.01b
3R﹕1B 5.27±0.16a 4.23±0.18b 0.81±0.01ab 0.81±0.01ab 0.46±0.04b 0.19±0.01b
1R﹕1B 4.82±0.18b 3.82±0.18c 0.79±0.02c 0.79±0.02c 0.41±0.03c 0.21±0.01a
1R﹕3B 4.76±0.20b 3.72±0.17c 0.79±0.01c 0.79±0.01c 0.41±0.04c 0.21±0.01a
B 4.94±0.11b 3.91±0.08c 0.79±0.00bc 0.79±0.00bc 0.4±0.03c 0.20±0.00a

Table 3

Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters of YM3 under different light quality treatments"

处理
Treatment
 项目Item
最大荧光比例
Fm/Fo		 潜在光化学活性
Fv/Fo		 最大光化学效率Fv/Fm 实际光化学量子产量ΦPo 有效光化学量子产量ΦEo 热耗散量子产额
ΦDo
W 5.39±0.36a 4.47±0.31a 0.82±0.01a 0.82±0.01a 0.46±0.07a 0.18±0.01b
R 5.00±0.23a 4.00±0.23b 0.80±0.01ab 0.80±0.01ab 0.46±0.06a 0.19±0.01b
3R﹕1B 5.06±0.32a 4.06±0.32b 0.80±0.01ab 0.80±0.01b 0.42±0.05b 0.19±0.01b
1R﹕1B 4.54±0.19b 3.54±0.19c 0.78±0.01c 0.78±0.01c 0.37±0.03bc 0.22±0.01a
1R﹕3B 4.40±0.28b 3.40±0.28c 0.77±0.02c 0.77±0.02c 0.35±0.04c 0.22±0.01a
B 4.55±0.23b 3.55±0.23c 0.78±0.01c 0.78±0.01c 0.33±0.08d 0.22±0.01a

Fig. 4

Determination of photosynthesis related indexes under different light quality treatments"

Table 4

Entropy-based indicator weights"

品种Cultivar 指标Parameter 类型Criterion type 信息熵Entropy 权重Weight
花22
H22		 全生育期Whole growth period 负向Negative 0.8216 0.4256
单株穗粒数Grain number per spike 正向Positive 0.8744 0.2996
千粒重Thousand grain weight 正向Positive 0.8848 0.2747
盐麦3号
YM3		 全生育期Whole growth period 负向Negative 0.8665 0.3516
单株穗粒数Grain number per spike 正向Positive 0.8794 0.3175
千粒重Thousand grain weight 正向Positive 0.8743 0.3309

Table 5

TOPSIS Comprehensive evaluation under different light quality treatments"

品种Cultivar 处理Treatment 正理想解距离D+ 负理想解距离D- 相对接近度Ci 排序Rank
花22
H22		 W 0.184 0.481 0.724 2
R 0.191 0.430 0.693 3
3R﹕1B 0.121 0.495 0.804 1
1R﹕1B 0.217 0.424 0.661 4
1R﹕3B 0.508 0.138 0.213 6
B 0.521 0.275 0.345 5
盐麦3号
YM3		 W 0.189 0.500 0.726 2
R 0.228 0.388 0.630 4
3R﹕1B 0.060 0.531 0.898 1
1R﹕1B 0.192 0.413 0.683 3
1R﹕3B 0.431 0.217 0.334 5
B 0.518 0.122 0.191 6

Fig. 5

Relative expression of flowering regulatory genes and reproductive whole growth period under different light quality treatments"

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