夏季横向交互送风系统对肉牛生理和生产性能的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.014

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study was conducted to explore the effects of cross-ventilation system on cowshed thermal environment, physiological and biochemical indexes, and production performance of beef cattle under the high temperature and humidity climate in summer of southern China, to evaluate the technical and economic effects of the environment control system for beef cattle heatstroke prevention. 【Method】 One-factor completely randomized design was introduced in this study. Thirty healthy 8-month-old Simmental bulls with similar body weight ((290.05±7.60)kg) were randomly assigned into two adjacent sheds with the same structure. The experimental group was equipped with the cross-ventilation system, and natural ventilation was used in the control group. The experimental period was from June 30 to July 16, 2019, a total of 17 days, in which the pre-test period was the first 3 days, and the formal period was the last 14 days. The wind speed, dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature were measured at 5:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 and 22:00 every day in the first 7 days of the formal test period. The temperature-humidity index and sensible temperature were calculated. Meanwhile, the rectal temperature and respiratory rate of beef cattle were measured. During the whole formal period, the feeding amount was recorded every day, and the remaining materials were cleaned and weighed at 6 a.m of the next day to calculate the feed intake. From 7:00 to 8:00 in the morning on the first day and the fourteenth day of the formal test period, all cattle were weighed before feeding to calculate the average daily gain, feed weight ratio and other production performance indicators, and the economic benefit was evaluated. Simultaneously, the blood and fecal samples were collected for determination of inorganic ions, biochemical indexes and hormone levels in serum and cortisol levels in feces. 【Result】 The results showed that: (1) in the experimental group, the cross-ventilation system could significantly increase the wind speed in the shed (P < 0.01), thus significantly reduced the sensible temperature, the rectal temperature at 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, 22:00, and the respiratory rate of beef cattle at 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, with the increase of ambient temperature, the increase of rectal temperature and respiratory rate in the experimental group decreased by 45% and 42%, respectively. There was no significant difference in dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05). (2) At the end of the experiment, the serum calcium content in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05), while no difference was found concerning the contents of potassium ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion and chloride ion (P > 0.05). The results of serum biochemical indexes showed that the contents of heat stress protein 70, total protein, triglyceride and glucose in bovine of the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and no significant difference was observed for the contents of serum albumin, globulin and total cholesterol (P > 0.05). The results of hormone levels showed that the levels of cortisol in feces and serum of the cattle in experimental group were significantly lower than those in control group (P < 0.05), and triiodothyronine and thyroxine had no significant difference in cattle between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05). (3) The production performance test showed that there was no significant difference in initial body weight and end body weight between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05), while the average daily gain (P < 0.01) and average dry matter intake (P < 0.05) of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group, the feed-to-weight ratio of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the profit in the experimental group was increased by 10.68%. 【Conclusion】 The cross-ventilation system could significantly increase the air velocity of the shed, reduce the sensible temperature, improve the metabolism of Simmental cattle, promote the production performance, and increase the economic benefits for beef cattle production in high temperature and humidity environment.

Key words: the cross-ventilation, beef cattle, thermoregulation, physiology and biochemistry indexes, production performance, economic benefit

FANG HaoYuan, YANG Liang, WANG HongZhuang, CAO JinCheng, REN WanPing, WEI ShengJuan, YAN PeiShi. Effects of Cross-Ventilation System on Physiology and Production Performance of Beef Cattle in Summer[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(5): 1025-1036.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

References 37

[1]	SEJIAN V, KUMAR D, GAUGHAN J B, NAQVI S M K. Effect of multiple environmental stressors on the adaptive capability of Malpura rams based on physiological responses in a semi-arid tropical environment. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 2017, 17:6-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.10.009. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.10.009
[2]	李川, 吴武平, 张泳桢, 吴华东, 黄爱民, 杨食堂, 舒邓群. 不同角度的风机对肉牛生理指标和生产性能的影响. 家畜生态学报, 2015, 36(2):48-53.
	LI C, WU W P, ZHANG Y Z, WU H D, HUANG A M, YANG S T, SHU D Q. Effect of fan angle on physiological and growth performance of beef cattle. Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2015, 36(2):48-53. (in Chinese)
[3]	孙凯佳, 高腾云, 潘军, 曹玉凤, 王笑笑. 喷淋与吹风对热应激肉牛生产性能及生理指标的影响. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 39(11):59-64, 70. doi: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2011.11.033. doi: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2011.11.033
	SUN K J, GAO T Y, PAN J, CAO Y F, WANG X X. Effects of sprinkling and Fanning on growth performance and physiological indices of heat-stressed beef cattle. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition), 2011, 39(11):59-64, 70. doi: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2011.11.033. (in Chinese) doi: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2011.11.033
[4]	丁露雨, 王美芝, 陈昭辉, 刘继军, 杨食堂, 周俊生. 南方开放式肉牛舍夏季喷雾降温效果. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(2):224-231.
	DING L Y, WANG M Z, CHEN Z H, LIU J J, YANG S T, ZHOU J S. Effects of spraying cooling on open beef cattle barn in Southern China. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(2):224-231. (in Chinese)
[5]	吴武平, 李川, 吴华东, 黄爱民, 张泳桢, 杨食堂, 舒邓群. 屋面喷淋通风降温系统对热应激肉牛血液生化指标的影响. 江西农业大学学报, 2016, 38(5):954-960, 967. doi: 10.13836/j.jjau.2016135. doi: 10.13836/j.jjau.2016135
	WU W P, LI C, WU H D, HUANG A M, ZHANG Y Z, YANG S T, SHU D Q. Effect of roof sprinkling ventilation and cooling system on blood biochemical indices of beef cattle in heat stress. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2016, 38(5):954-960, 967. doi: 10.13836/j.jjau.2016135. (in Chinese) doi: 10.13836/j.jjau.2016135
[6]	DIKMEN S, LARSON C C, DE VRIES A, HANSEN P J. Effectiveness of tunnel ventilation as dairy cow housing in hot climates: rectal temperatures during heat stress and seasonal variation in milk yield. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020, 52(5):2687-2693. doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02309-3. doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02309-3
[7]	YOUNAS M, FUQUAY J W, SMITH A E, MOORE A B. Estrous and endocrine responses of lactating Holsteins to forced ventilation during summer. Journal of Dairy Science, 1993, 76(2):430-436. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77363-4. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77363-4
[8]	丁丽, 范明杰, 王慧军. 吹风对缓解肉牛热应激的影响. 山东畜牧兽医, 2014, 35(9):18-19.
	DING L, FAN M J, WANG H J. Effect of air blowing on relieving heat stress of beef cattle. Shandong Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2014, 35(9):18-19. (in Chinese)
[9]	蔡景义, 冯堂超, 师筑俊, 廖阔遥, 易宗容. 敞篷牛舍接力送风及饲粮添加铬改善肉牛生产性能. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(15):191-195.
	CAI J Y, FENG T C, SHI Z J, LIAO K Y, YI Z R. Fanning in open-topped cowshed and chromium added to diet improving growth performance of heat-stressed beef cattle. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(15):191-195. (in Chinese)
[10]	王深圳. 夏季横向交互送风棚舍的温热环境及其肉牛的体温调节反应[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2017.
	WANG S Z. Thermal environment of the shed and thermoregulatory response of the beef cattle to add the profile cross ventilated in summer[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2017. (in Chinese)
[11]	中华人民共和国农业部. 肉牛饲养标准: NY/T 815—2004. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2004.
	Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. Feeding standard of beef cattle: NY/T 815—2004. Beijing: Chinese Agriculture Press, 2004. (in Chinese)
[12]	THOM E C. The discomfort index. Weatherwise, 1959, 12(2):57-61. doi: 10.1080/00431672.1959.9926960. doi: 10.1080/00431672.1959.9926960
[13]	陈丽媛, 洪小华, 颜培实. 我国南方冬季和夏季肉牛体感温度研究. 畜牧与兽医, 2015, 47(2):40-44.
	CHEN L Y, HONG X H, YAN P S. Effective temperature equation of cows during winter and summer seasons in Southern of China. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 47(2):40-44. (in Chinese)
[14]	KHAN M Z, ALTMANN J, ISANI S S, YU J. A matter of time: evaluating the storage of fecal samples for steroid analysis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2002, 128(1):57-64. doi: 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00063-1. doi: 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00063-1
[15]	TERIO K A, BROWN J L, MORELAND R, MUNSON L. Comparison of different drying and storage methods on quantifiable concentrations of fecal steroids in the cheetah. Zoo Biology, 2002, 21(3):215-222. doi: 10.1002/zoo.10036. doi: 10.1002/zoo.10036
[16]	AHMAD M, BHATTI J A, ABDULLAH M, JAVED K, ALI M, RASHID G, UDDIN R, BADINI A H, JEHAN M. Effect of ambient management interventions on the production and physiological performance of lactating Sahiwal cattle during hot dry summer. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2018, 50(6):1249-1254. doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1551-5. doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1551-5
[17]	罗宗刚, 王玲, 蔡明成, 伏彭辉, 周沛, 左福元. 热应激对不同杂交组合肉牛生理指标和血液生化指标的影响. 中国畜牧杂志, 2015, 51(11):82-85.
	LUO Z G, WANG L, CAI M C, FU P H, ZHOU P, ZUO F Y. Effects of heat stress on physiological index and blood biochemical index of different hybrid beef cattle. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2015, 51(11):82-85. (in Chinese)
[18]	MADER T L, JOHNSON L J. Tympanic temperature profiles of confined beef cattle. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2010, 54(6):629-635. doi: 10.1007/s00484-009-0229-0
[19]	黄德均, 向白菊, 高立芳, 蒋安. 热应激对红安格斯牛、抗旱王牛及红抗杂交牛生理指标和血液生化指标的影响. 黑龙江畜牧兽医(下半月), 2019(8):35-39. doi: 10.13881/j.cnki.hljxmsy.2018.11.0379. doi: 10.13881/j.cnki.hljxmsy.2018.11.0379
	HUANG D J, XIANG B J, GAO L F, JIANG A. The effect of heat stress on physiological and blood biochemical indexes of Red Angus cattle, Droughtmaster cattle and Red Angus × Droughtmaster hybrid cattle. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2019(8):35-39. doi: 10.13881/j.cnki.hljxmsy.2018.11.0379. (in Chinese) doi: 10.13881/j.cnki.hljxmsy.2018.11.0379
[20]	刘庆华, 王根林. 热应激对奶牛血液流变学指标及血清无机离子浓度和酶活性的影响. 福建农林大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 36(3):284-287.
	LIU Q H, WANG G L. Effects of heat stress on hemorheology status and plasma inorganic ion concentration and plasma enzyme levels in dairy cows. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2007, 36(3):284-287. (in Chinese)
[21]	SCHNEIDER P L, BEEDE D K, WILCOX C J. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. Journal of Animal Science, 1988, 66(1):112-125. doi: 10.2527/jas1988.661112x. doi: 10.2527/jas1988.661112x
[22]	BUFFINGTON D E, COLLAZO-AROCHO A, CANTON G H, PITT D, THATCHER W W, COLLIER R J. Black globe-humidity index (BGHI) as comfort equation for dairy cows. Transactions of the ASAE, 1981, 24(3):711-714. doi: 10.13031/2013.34325. doi: 10.13031/2013.34325
[23]	金鑫, 刘凯, 朱树群, 李胜利. 喷雾吹风和淋水吹风对奶牛热应激的影响. 中国奶牛, 2008(12):25-27.
	JIN X, LIU K, ZHU S Q, LI S L. Effects of spray ventilation and shower ventilation on heat stress in dairy cows. China Dairy Cattle, 2008(12):25-27. (in Chinese)
[24]	SRIKANDAKUMAR A, JOHNSON E H. Effect of heat stress on milk production, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood chemistry in Holstein, Jersey and Australian Milking Zebu cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2004, 36(7):685-692. doi: 10.1023/b: trop.0000042868.76914.a9. doi: 10.1023/b: trop.0000042868.76914.a9
[25]	SHIAO T F, CHEN J C, YANG D W, LEE S N, LEE C F, CHENG W T K. Feasibility assessment of a tunnel-ventilated, water-padded barn on alleviation of heat stress for lactating Holstein cows in a humid area. Journal of Dairy Science, 2011, 94(11):5393-5404. doi: 10.3168/ jds.2010-3730. doi: 10.3168/ jds.2010-3730
[26]	ITOH F, OBARA Y, ROSE M T, FUSE H, HASHIMOTO H. Insulin and glucagon secretion in lactating cows during heat exposure1. Journal of Animal Science, 1998, 76(8):2182-2189. doi: 10.2527/1998.7682182x. doi: 10.2527/1998.7682182x
[27]	伍晓雄, 张雄民, 赵京杨, 杨世锦, 徐小兰. 热应激对山羊生理生化指标的影响. 家畜生态, 2000, 21(3):7-9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2000.03.002. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2000.03.002
	WU X X, ZHANG X M, ZHAO J Y, YANG S J, XU X L. Effect of heat stress on physiological and biochemical index in goats. Ecology of Domestic Animal, 2000, 21(3):7-9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182. 2000.03.002. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2000.03.002
[28]	SCHARF B, CARROLL J A, RILEY D G, CHASE C C, COLEMAN S W, KEISLER D H, WEABER R L, SPIERS D E. Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat-tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat-susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge1. Journal of Animal Science, 2010, 88(7):2321-2336. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2551. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2551
[29]	朱雯, 任春环, 张彦, 张子军. 反刍动物肝脏糖异生及营养调控. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(10):4434-4441. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006?267x.2019.10.004. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006?267x.2019.10.004
	ZHU W, REN C H, ZHANG Y, ZHANG Z J. Mechanisms of hepatic gluconeogenesis and nutritional regulation in ruminants. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(10):4434-4441. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006?267x.2019.10.004. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006?267x.2019.10.004
[30]	SILVER J T, NOBLE E G. Regulation of survival gene hsp70. Cell Stress & Chaperones, 2012, 17(1):1-9. doi: 10.1007/s12192-011-0290-6. doi: 10.1007/s12192-011-0290-6
[31]	MANJARI R, YADAV M, RAMESH K, UNIYAL S, RASTOGI S K, SEJIAN V, HYDER I. HSP70 as a marker of heat and humidity stress in Tarai buffalo. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2015, 47(1):111-116. doi: 10.1007/s11250-014-0692-4. doi: 10.1007/s11250-014-0692-4
[32]	MAGDUB A, JOHNSON H D, BELYEA R L. Effect of environmental heat and dietary fiber on thyroid physiology of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 1982, 65(12):2323-2331. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82504-6. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82504-6
[33]	YOUSEF M K, JOHNSON H D. Calorigenesis of dairy cattle as influenced by thyroxine and environmental temperature. Journal of Animal Science, 1966, 25(1):150-156. doi: 10.2527/jas1966.251150x. doi: 10.2527/jas1966.251150x
[34]	李川. 喷雾通风降温系统对热应激肉牛的生理机能和生产性能的影响[D]. 南昌: 江西农业大学, 2016.
	LI C. Effect on spray ventilation cooling system on physiology function and growth performance for beef cattle in heat stress[D]. Nanchang: Jiangxi Agricultural University, 2016. (in Chinese)
[35]	SAPOLSKY R M, SHARE L J. Rank-related differences in cardiovascular function among wild baboons: Role of sensitivity to glucocorticoids. American Journal of Primatology, 1994, 32(4):261-275. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350320404. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350320404
[36]	HARPER J M, AUSTAD S N. Fecal glucocorticoids: A noninvasive method of measuring adrenal activity in wild and captive rodents. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology: PBZ, 2000, 73(1):12-22. doi: 10.1086/316721. doi: 10.1086/316721
[37]	DELFINO J G, MATHISON G W. Effects of cold environment and intake level on the energetic efficiency of feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science, 1991, 69(11):4577-4587. doi: 10.2527/1991.69114577x. doi: 10.2527/1991.69114577x

Related Articles 15

[1]	JIA ZiCheng, QIN BingYu, MA CaiYing, DU Yong, LIU TongGao, XUE RuiLin, WANG XiaoLong, ZHOU ShiWei. Effects of Diets with Different Nutritional Levels on Maternal-Infant Integrated Production Performance and Rumen Microorganisms of Double-Lamb Shanbei White Cashmere Goats [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(3): 668-686.
[2]	XIAN QingLin, XIAO JianKe, GAO AQing, GAO LiChuang, LIU Yang. Effects of Planting Patterns Combined with Soil Moisture Measurement and Supplementary Irrigation on the Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(3): 589-601.
[3]	ZHENG Yu, CHEN Yi, TI JinSong, SHI LongFei, XU XiaoBo, LI YuLin, GUO Rui. Evaluation of Carbon Footprint and Economic Benefit of Different Tobacco Rotation Patterns [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(4): 733-747.
[4]	KONG WeiLin, GAO ChunHua, ZHAO FengTao, JU FeiYan, LI ZongXin, ZHAO HaiJun, LIU Ping. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate Combined with Drip Irrigation Amount After Sowing on Yield, Economic Benefit, Water Use Characteristics of Maize-Soybean Strip Intercropping Planting System [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 4905-4919.
[5]	ZHANG Fan, TANG XiangFang, YANG Liang, WANG Hui, CHEN RuiPeng, XIONG BenHai. Research Progress of Intelligent Monitoring Technology for Beef Cattle Production Performance [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 5081-5096.
[6]	YANG ShuQi, ZHAO YingXing, QIAN Xin, ZHANG XuePeng, MENG WeiWei, SUI Peng, LI ZongXin, CHEN YuanQuan. Comprehensive Evaluation of the Maize-Soybean Intercropping Pattern in the Huang-Huai Region [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 4936-4951.
[7]	ZHANG MengXuan, CHANG FangDi, WEI HeYa, LI XiaoHong, WU LinMei, ZHANG HongYuan. Synergistic Effects of Post-Wheat Green Manure Rotation and Nitrogen Reduction in Saline-Alkali Soil on Wheat Yield, Environmental Footprint, and Economic Benefit [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(20): 4216-4230.
[8]	ZHANG TingTing, ZHANG GuoQiang, LI ShaoKun, WANG KeRu, XIE RuiZhi, XUE Jun, FANG Liang, LI XiaoHong, FU JiaLe, LI JiaKai, LIANG Chen, GE JunZhu, MING Bo. High-Yield Technology Model of New Insect-Resistant Maize Varieties for Biological Breeding in the Xiliaohe Plain [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(17): 3418-3433.
[9]	LI XiaoPeng, LIU YunLong, CUI JiaJun, TU Yan, JIANG LinShu, CHENG ShuRu. Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Rumen Methane Emission, Fermentation Parameters and Performance of Late Lactating Cows Based on the GreenFeed System [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(14): 2904-2913.
[10]	MA BiJiao, CHEN GuiPing, GOU ZhiWen, YIN Wen, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, FAN Hong, HE Wei. Water Utilization and Economic Benefit of Wheat Multiple Cropping with Green Manure Under Nitrogen Reduction in Hexi Irrigation Area of Northwest China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(4): 740-754.
[11]	DONG KuiJun, ZHANG YiTao, LIU HanWen, ZHANG JiZong, WANG WeiJun, WEN YanChen, LEI QiuLiang, WEN HongDa. Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Application of Summer Maize- Soybean Intercropping on Agronomic Traits and Economic Benefits as well as Its Yield of Subsequent Wheat [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(22): 4495-4506.
[12]	ZHANG YongLi, ZHANG Ning, XU Jiao, XU DouDou, CHENG Fang, ZHANG ChengLong, WU BiBo, GONG YangCang, HE YunXin, WEI ShangZhi, TU XiaoJu, LIU AiYu, ZHOU ZhongHua. Effects of Different Strip Intercropping Patterns on the Growth and Productivity in Cotton [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(22): 4444-4458.
[13]	WANG XiaoJun, WANG JinLan, JU ZeLiang, LIANG GuoLing, JIA ZhiFeng, LIU WenHui, MA Xiang, MA JinXiu, LI Wen. Comprehensive Evaluation on Production Performance and Nutritional Quality of Different Varieties of Forage Oat in the Qinghai Lake Area [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(19): 3730-3742.
[14]	WENG WenAn, XING ZhiPeng, HU Qun, WEI HaiYan, SHI YangJie, XI XiaoBo, LI XiuLi, LIU GuiYun, CHEN Juan, YUAN FengPing, MENG Yi, LIAO Ping, GAO Hui, ZHANG HongCheng. Effects of Unmanned Dry Direct-Seeded Mode on Yield, Grain Quality of Rice and Its Economic Benefits [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(17): 3350-3365.
[15]	LIU QiLin, WANG XiaoJun, WANG JinLan, LIU WenHui, MA JinXiu, LI ERenCuo, LI Wen. Effects of Row Spacing and Seeding Rate on Growth and Forage Yield of Elymus Sibiricus and Comprehensive Analysis in Alpine Region [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(14): 2744-2754.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

项目Items	含量 Content（%）
精料组成 Composition
玉米 Corn	50.0
小麦麸皮 Wheat bran	5.0
豆粕 Soybean meal	9.0
花生粕 Peanut meal	10.0
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal	7.5
玉米干酒糟Corn DDG	12.5
小苏打 NaHCO₃	1.5
石粉 Limestone	1.0
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	1.5
预混料¹⁾ Premix	1.0
食盐 Salt	1.0
合计 Total	100.0
营养水平²⁾Nutrient levels
增重净能 NEg（MJ/kg）	6.23
干物质 DM	90.27
有机物 OM	81.55
粗蛋白 CP	17.95
粗脂肪 EE	3.61
钙 Ca	1.22
总磷TP	0.55

组别 Groups	干球温度 Dry-bulb temperature (℃)	相对湿度 Relative humidity (%)	风速 Velocity (m/s)	体感温度 Effective temperature (℃)
对照组 Control group	27.91±0.94	80.26±4.53	0.19^A±0.01	25.37^A±0.24
试验组 Treatment group	27.84±0.98	81.11±5.11	1.66^B±0.01	22.07^B±0.45

项目Items	组别Groups	第1天 The 1^st day	第14天 The 14^th day
K⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	4.21±0.17	4.31±0.06
K⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	4.38±0.08	4.67±0.18
Na⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	162.64±3.17	164.39±4.22
Na⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	172.11±5.67	173.85±5.38
Ca²⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	2.19a±0.02	2.50bx±0.05
Ca²⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	2.19±0.01	2.27y±0.03
Mg²⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	1.33±0.01	1.32±0.01
Mg²⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	1.33±0.01	1.32±0.01
Cl^- (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	95.72±0.19	95.45±0.29
Cl^- (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	96.58±0.37	96.05±0.39

项目Items	组别Groups	第1天 The 1^st day	第14天 The 14^th day
总蛋白TP (g·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	55.06a±1.70	48.83bx±1.11
总蛋白TP (g·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	54.10±2.89	55.48y±1.62
白蛋白ALB (g·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	27.85±1.14	25.05±0.77
白蛋白ALB (g·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	27.81±2.56	25.75±0.59
球蛋白GLB (g·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	27.21±2.10	23.78±1.62
球蛋白GLB (g·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	26.29±4.40	31.08±2.60
总胆固醇T-CHO (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	3.79±0.24	3.34±0.24
总胆固醇T-CHO (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	3.61±0.16	3.29±0.20
甘油三酯TG (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	0.99±0.06	0.97x±0.04
甘油三酯TG (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	1.10a±0.02	1.25by±0.07
葡萄糖Glu (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	5.09±0.29	4.96x±0.33
葡萄糖Glu (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	5.56±0.36	6.09y±0.46
热应激蛋白70 HSP70 (pg·mL^-1)	对照组 Control group	457.22a±29.41	583.57bx±26.56
热应激蛋白70 HSP70 (pg·mL^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	467.30±21.54	445.20y±19.04

项目Items	组别Groups	第1天 The 1^stday	第14天 The 14^th day
三碘甲腺原氨酸 T₃ (nmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	10.97±0.93	8.24±1.49
三碘甲腺原氨酸 T₃ (nmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	9.45±0.46	8.33±0.97
甲状腺素T₄ (nmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	126.31±10.93	101.95±4.99
甲状腺素T₄ (nmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	123.62±13.27	120.93±7.41
血清皮质醇Serum cortisol (ng·mL^-1)	对照组 Control group	153.01±17.32	175.82x±4.57
血清皮质醇Serum cortisol (ng·mL^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	156.51±9.25	159.33y±5.02
粪便皮质醇Fecal cortisol (ng·g^-1)	对照组 Control group	11.78a±0.66	20.16bx±1.58
粪便皮质醇Fecal cortisol (ng·g^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	13.16±0.99	11.31y±0.94

Effects of Cross-Ventilation System on Physiology and Production Performance of Beef Cattle in Summer

RichHTML

PDF