农林保水剂效果评价及其环境风险探讨

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.06.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

从我国“七五”计划旱农科研项目以来，农林保水剂作为抗旱保水产品受到关注。《农林保水剂》（NY 886）农业行业标准2004年颁布，2010、2016和2022年3次修改，但至今缺乏相关配套的田间试验效果评价体系，极大影响其推广应用。本文结合国内外30多年来的相关研发与应用文献分析，针对农林保水剂应用对土壤保水、作物用水、作物产量及其环境影响等效果进行综述研究，结果表明：（1）保水剂适用于改善土壤蓄水保水性能，对旱作地区作物抗旱保苗、节水增产和水分利用效率（WUE）提高有积极影响，尤其是在砂质土壤上。（2）提出农林保水剂效果评价指标，主要包括土壤贮水量、作物耗水量、作物产量及其WUE等指标，以适用于农林保水剂产品的田间试验效果评价。（3）根据农林保水剂对作物产量增减不一和增产与收益不统一等现象，提出农林保水剂应用需要制定相应的技术规程，明确作物适宜的保水剂类型及其施用方式和用量。（4）农林保水剂产品（以聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）和聚丙烯酸（PAA）型材料为主）的环境安全性主要涉及残留单体（丙烯酰胺（AM）和丙烯酸（AA））的生物毒性，以及材料的降解性等。市场上部分PAM和PAA相关产品分别存在残留AM和AA单体含量超标风险，超标率约占22%—100%。研究指出生物质类等天然聚合物类材料是农林保水剂发展方向。研究结果对农林保水剂效果评价标准的制定提供参考。建议相关部门对于PAM和PAA型农林保水剂产品加强残留单体检测及其残留单体的环境安全阈值的研究，并对产品的生物降解性指标与土壤生态环境的安全性的关联性进行探讨，以期为农林保水剂产品的环境安全性提供保障。

关键词: 农林保水剂, 土壤含水量, 作物耗水量, 水分利用效率, 环境安全风险

Abstract:

Since the performing of Seventh Five-Year (1986-1990) National Scientific and Technological Projects in China, when the national dryland farming research projects started, the super-absorbent polymers for agriculture and forestry (SAP-AF), as one of the technical products for drought-resistance and water-retention in agriculture and forestry, have been given concerned. A Chinese agricultural standard of Agro-forestry absorbent polymer (NY 886) was issued in 2004, and then revised three times in 2010, 2016 and 2022, respectively. However, so far there is still no relevant standard or regulation on experiment and assessment for the SAP-AF application efficacy, thus greatly affecting its promotion and application. Based on the literature review on the relevant research and application status of the SAP-AF for more than 30 years (1990-2023), this paper focused on the research about the effects of the SAP-AF application on soil water retention, crop water use, and crop yield, as well as environmental impact. The results showed as follows. (1) The SAP-AF products could enhance the ability to soil water storage and retention (especially for sandy soils), and be beneficial to protecting crop seedlings against drought, water-saving, and yield-increasing, as well as water use efficiency (WUE)-improving in dry-farming areas. (2) The assessment indicators (mainly including soil water storage, crop water consumption, crop yield, and WUE) were proposed to be applicable to evaluate the experiments for the SAP-AF product application efficacy. (3) According to the phenomenon that the SAP-AF application for crops in some regions could not always show a significant effect on yield increase, or sometimes had a negative return, it was proposed that SAP-AF application should formulate corresponding technical regulations, and determine the appropriate product types, and their application methods and dosage for crops. (4) The environmental safety of the SAP-AF products (mainly in the form of polyacrylamide or polyacrylic acid (PAM or PAA)-based materials) mainly involved the biodegradability of the PAM or PAA-based materials and the biological toxicity induced by the residual monomers (acrylamide or acrylic acid (AM or AA)) in the products. The residual AM or AA monomer content detected in the PAM or PAA-related products on the market were partly at the risk of exceeding the allowable limits (accounting for about 22%-100% of the total, referred to as the standard limits for some similar products). The review also indicated that some natural polymer materials such as such as starch grafted based polymer materials would be the replaycement of the SAP-AF in the future. The results of this study provided the reference for the formulation of evaluation standards or regulations for SAP-AF product application efficacy. It was suggested that relevant departments should strengthen the detection of residual monomer and its limit requirements for PAM or PAA-based SAP-AF products, and quantify the biodegradability index of products, in order to provide protection for the environmental safety of agricultural and forestry water protection agent products. It was suggested to strengthen the detection of residual AM or AA monomers, and research on the environmental safety threshold of residual monomers for such PAM or PAA-based SAP-AF products; but also need to further explore the relationship between the product biodegradability indicators in the soils and the safety of soil ecological environment, in order to ensure the product environmental safety.

Key words: agro-forestry absorbent polymer, soil water content, crop water consumption, water use efficiency, environmental safety risk

王小彬, 闫湘, 李秀英, 孙兆凯, 涂成. 农林保水剂效果评价及其环境风险探讨[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(6): 1117-1136.

WANG XiaoBin, YAN Xiang, LI XiuYing, SUN ZhaoKai, TU Cheng. Assessment of Application Efficacy for Agro-Forestry Absorbent Polymers and Their Environmental Risks[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(6): 1117-1136.

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图/表 3

表1

农林保水剂应用效果的主要评价指标（2006—2019年）"

试验地点/土壤质地 Sites/Soil texture	年降水量/灌溉量 Annual rainfall/ Irrigation (mm)	作物 Crop	保水剂类型 SAP type	保水剂用量 SAP rate (kg·hm^-2)	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	耗水量 ET (mm)	作物产量 Crop yield (kg·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	增产率 Yield ±%	WUE增幅 WUE±%
新疆阿克苏干旱区/砂壤土^[9] Arid regions in Aksu, Xinjiang/Sandy loam^[9]	45/300	棉花Cotton	SAP	15	0-140	299.2	2783	9.3	9.0	9.4
				30	0-140	299.4	2875	9.6	12.6	12.9
				45	0-140	298.9	2929	9.8	14.8	15.3
				0	0-140	300.2	2552	8.5
	45/390			15	0-140	390.6	2734	7.0	5.2	4.5
				30	0-140	389.6	2883	7.4	11.0	10.4
				45	0-140	389.5	2960	7.6	13.9	13.4
				0	0-140	387.8	2598	6.7
	45/480			15	0-140	481.8	2891	6.0	2.5	1.7
				30	0-140	479.4	2924	6.1	3.7	3.4
				45	0-140	482.0	2988	6.2	6.0	5.1
				0	0-140	477.8	2819	5.9
新疆库尔勒市干旱区/砂质土^[10] Arid desert regions in Korla city, Xinjiang/ Sandy soil^[10]	70/435	棉花Cotton	γ-PGA^a)	20	0-100	565.7	4126	7.3	5.1	8.0
				40	0-100	570.9	4558	8.0	16.1	18.2
				80	0-100	571.6	4683	8.2	19.3	21.2
				160	0-100	593.2	4204	7.1	7.1	4.9
				0	0-100	580.8	3924	6.8
	70/413	棉花Cotton	γ-PGA^a)	20	0-100	586.6	3931	6.70	4.1	7.3
				40	0-100	610.5	4446	7.28	17.7	16.6
				80	0-100	585.2	4376	7.48	15.9	19.8
				160	0-100	603.9	4120	6.82	9.1	9.3
				0	0-100	604.9	3777	6.24
甘肃民勤县干旱沙漠区/黏壤土^[12] Arid desert regions in Minqin county, Gansu/ Clay loam^[12]	110/474	春玉米Spring maize	SAP	5	0-100	575.0	15241	26.5	6.7	8.6
				15	0-100	564.8	15539	27.5	8.8	12.7
				25	0-100	550.9	18333	33.3	28.4	36.4
				0	0-100	585.2	14280	24.4
内蒙古河套灌区干旱区/壤质灌淤土^[15] Arid regions in Hetao irrigation area, Inner Mongolia /Irrigation- silted loam^[15]	142.7/100	番茄Tomato	AM-AA(Na)^b)	30	0-80	260.3	71400	274.3	3.5	-0.2
				37.5	0-80	260.4	74400	285.7	7.8	3.9
				45	0-80	262.4	76600	292.0	11.0	6.2
				52	0-80	263.1	76100	289.3	10.3	5.2
				0	0-80	250.9	69000	275.0
内蒙古和林县半干旱区/砂壤土^[18] Semi-arid regions in Helin county, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia/Sandy loam^[18]	395.4/60	玉米Maize	PAAM-Atta^c)	45	0-40	511.7	11185	21.9	14.7	13.0
				0	0-40	504.4	9754	19.3
				45	0-40	531.6	10121	19.0	8.4	3.9
				0	0-40	509.8	9339	18.3
内蒙古清水河县半干旱区/砂壤土^[19] Semi-arid regions in Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia/Sandy loam^[19]	365/0	玉米Maize	PAA(K)^d)	75	0-100	269.5	5369	19.9	19.9	25.4
			PAM^e)	75	0-100	272.8	5157	18.9	15.2	19.0
			PAM^e)	0	0-100	281.8	4476	15.9
宁夏海原县干旱半干旱区/粉砂壤土^[20] Arid semi-arid regions in Haiyuan county, Ningxia/Silty loam^[20]	280-450/0	谷子Millet	SAP	拌种 Seed-mixed	0-200	346.2	2595	7.50	4.3	4.2
				0	0-200	345.7	2487	7.19
				拌种 Seed-mixed	0-200	350.5	4725	13.5	8.1	7.2
				0	0-200	347.4	4370	12.6
				拌种 Seed-mixed	0-200	289.9	4248	14.7	9.3	6.2
				0	0-200	281.7	3888	13.8
宁夏中部同心县半干旱区/粉砂壤土^[21] Arid Semi-arid regions in Tongxin county, Ningxia/Silty loam^[21]	349.3/0	玉米Maize	SAP	10	0-100	301.2	2950	9.80	7.1	6.9
				20	0-100	309.0	3685	11.9	33.7	30.1
				30	0-100	299.9	3221	10.7	16.9	17.2
				40	0-100	292.5	2566	8.8	-6.9	-4.3
				0	0-100	300.7	2756	9.16
西藏拉萨河谷区高原半干旱区/砂壤土^[23] Semi-arid Plateau in Lhasa Valley, Tibet/ Sandy loam^[23]	428.9/180	青稞Hulless barley	Starch-AA^f)	30	0-60	382.0	5252	13.7	7.2	14.6
			Starch-AA^f)	30	0-60	380.8	5568	14.6	13.6	21.9
			PAA^g)	30	0-60	378.0	4925	13.0	0.5	8.6
			PAA^g)	30	0-60	381.3	5303	13.9	8.2	16.0
				0	0-60	408.7	4901	12.0
陕西安塞黄土高原半干旱区/粉砂质壤土^[36] Semi-arid Loess Plateau in Ansai county, Shaanxi /Silty loam^[36]	438/0	玉米Maize	PAA/PAM- Atta^h)	45/撒施 Spread	0-200	422.6	8068	19.1	6.7	12.2
				45/沟施 Furrow	0-200	391.2	8938	22.9	18.2	34.3
				45/穴施 Hole	0-200	390.8	9004	23.0	19.1	35.4
			PAM^e)	45/撒施 Spread	0-200	422.2	7975	18.9	5.5	11.0
				45/沟施 Furrow	0-200	393.4	8926	22.7	18.1	33.3
				45/穴施 Hole	0-200	393.4	8840	22.5	16.9	32.0
				0	0-200	444.2	7559	17.0
河南禹州半湿润区/壤土^[40] Semi-humid regions in Yuzhou county, Henan/Loam^[40]	674.9/0	冬小麦/郑麦9694 Winter wheat/ Zhengmai 9694	PAM^e)	30	0-100	228.2	3851	16.9	14.8	16.6
				60	0-100	211.3	5056	23.9	50.7	65.3
				90	0-100	214.1	4429	20.7	32.0	43.0
				0	0-100	231.8	3354	14.5
		冬小麦/矮抗58 Winter wheat /Aikang 58	PAM^e)	30	0-100	207.1	3868	18.7	19.3	33.8
				60	0-100	221.0	4622	20.9	42.5	49.8
				90	0-100	205.1	4029	19.6	24.2	40.7
				0	0-100	232.3	3243	14.0
河南郑州半湿润偏旱区/砂质土^[41] Semi-humid regions in Zhengzhou, Henan/ Sandy soil^[41]	537/47	冬小麦Winter wheat	SAP	45	0-60	391.8	4251	10.8	2.9	4.0
	537/47			0	0-60	396.0	4132	10.4
	537/70			45	0-60	408.9	5052	12.4	12.4	15.1
	537/70			0	0-60	418.7	4496	10.7
	537/93			45	0-60	432.1	5888	13.6	15.8	18.3
	537/93			0	0-60	441.3	5085	11.5
	537/117			45	0-60	450.2	5719	12.7	2.2	5.1
	537/117			0	0-60	462.6	5594	12.1
河南新乡半干旱区/黏壤土^[42] Semi-arid regions in Xinxiang, Henan/Clay loam^[42]	481/180	冬小麦Winter wheat	PAA(Na)ⁱ⁾	30	0-100	362.6	6772	18.7	2.4	9.5
			PAA(Na)ⁱ⁾	60	0-100	360.7	6789	18.8	2.7	10.3
			Starch- AA(Na)^j)	30	0-100	371.9	6695	18.0	1.3	5.5
			Starch- AA(Na)^j)	60	0-100	365.8	6792	18.6	2.7	8.8
			Starch-AA^f)	30	0-100	364.5	6794	18.6	2.8	9.3
			Starch-AA^f)	60	0-100	364.1	6850	18.8	3.6	10.3
			PAM^e)	30	0-100	359.0	6824	19.0	3.2	11.4
			PAM^e)	60	0-100	356.3	6940	19.5	5.0	14.2
			AM- Minerals^k)	30	0-100	352.1	7096	20.2	7.3	18.1
				60	0-100	343.7	7130	20.7	7.9	21.6
				0	0-100	387.5	6611	17.1

表1

表2

表3

我国农田土壤中检出丙烯酸（AA）类聚合物降解产物"

采样地点 Site	土壤 Soil	主要微塑料聚合物类型 Microplastic polymer type	AA类聚合物 AA-based polymer (%)
中国杭州湾沿海平原^[115] Coastal plain of Hangzhou Bay, China^[115]	采集60个土样（水稻、玉米或高粱田） 60 soil samples were collected from farmlands (including rice, corn or sorghum fields)	确定了10个聚合物类型（包括3种共聚物），其中包括AA类聚合物 A total of 10 polymer types were identified (which included three co-polymers), in which AA-type polymer was included
中国上海郊区^[116] Suburb of Shanghai, China^[116]	土样采自12个样地的4类土（潮土、黄棕壤土、水稻土和滨海盐土） Soil samples were collected from 12 plot soils (including fluvo-aquic soil, yellow- brown loam soil, paddy soil, and coastal saline soil)	主要包括PP、PE、AA、PET和PA等5种聚合物类型（分别占比40.50%、35.44%、15.19%、6.33%和2.53%） The polymer types identified included PP, PE, AA, PET and PA (accounting for 40.50%, 35.44%, 15.19%, 6.33% and 2.53% of the total, respectively)	15.19
中国陕西长武^[117] Changwu in Shaanxi, China^[117]	黄土高原典型小流域耕地土壤 Soil samples were collected from croplands in a typical small watershed of the Loess Plateau	以PET、PU、ALK、AA和PP等5种聚合物类型为主（分别占比25.56%、30.46%、8.48%、5.83%和5.43%） The polymer types identified included PET, PU, ALK, AA and PP (accounting for 25.56%, 30.46%, 8.48%, 5.83% and 5.43% of the total, respectively)	5.83
中国^[118] China^[118]	21个省的30片大型农田土壤 Soil samples were collected from 30 farmlands in 21 provinces	主要包括PP、PE、PES、PAA、PA、PVC和PS等7种聚合物类型（分别占比65.96%、18.29%、12.66%、2.82%、0.13%、0.08%和0.05%） The polymer types identified included PP, PE, PES, PAA, PA, PVC and PS (accounting for 65.96%, 18.29%, 12.66%, 2.82%, 0.13%, 0.08% and 0.05% of the total, respectively)	2.82

表3

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PAM或PAA相关产品及其标准 PAM or PAA-based product and relevant standard	Residual AM (%)	Residual AA (%)	超标 Over-limit (%)
PAM高聚物For polymers^[96]	0.10-1.25		100
PAM水处理剂For water treatment chemicals^[97]	0.003-0.074		22.2
PAM水处理剂For water treatment chemicals^[98]	0.0028-0.44		58.3
PAM食品添加剂For food additive^[99]	0-0.43
PAM絮凝剂For flocculants^[81]	0.0034-0.1005		62.5
PAA型高吸水树脂For super absorbent resins^[100]		0.0031-0.4213
PAA水处理剂For water treatment chemicals^[101]		0.97-1.23	100
PAA型卫生用高吸收性树脂For absorbent hygiene resins^[102]		0.0614-0.2460	60
PAA型高吸水树脂For superabsorbent polymers^[74]		0.039-0.7940
PAA树脂For acrylic resins		0-1.9486	7.7
《水处理剂阴离子和非离子型聚丙烯酰胺》：GB 17514—2017 Water Treatment Chemicals—Anionic and Non-Ionic Polyacrylamide: GB 17514—2017^[89]	≤0.025
《纸尿裤和卫生巾用高吸收性树脂》：GB 22875—2018 Super-Absorbent Polymer for Sanity Towel and Diapers: GB 22875—2018^[92]		≤0.08-0.1