中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (11): 2078-2091.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

垄沟种植对旱地玉-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响

吴金芝1(), 黄修利1, 侯园泉1, 田文仲2,3, 李俊红2,3, 张洁2,3, 李芳2,3, 吕军杰2,3, 姚宇卿2,3, 付国占1, 黄明1(), 李友军1()   

  1. 1 河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023
    2 洛阳农林科学院,河南洛阳 471023
    3 中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地,河南洛阳 471023
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-25 接受日期:2022-12-05 出版日期:2023-06-01 发布日期:2023-06-19
  • 通信作者: 黄明,E-mail:huangming_2003@126.com。李友军,E-mail:lyj@haust.edu.cn
  • 联系方式: 吴金芝,E-mail:yywujz@126.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300400); 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0300700); 河南省旱地绿色智慧农业特色骨干学科群建设项目(17100001)

Effects of Ridge and Furrow Planting Patterns on Crop Productivity and Soil Nitrate-N Accumulation in Dryland Summer Maize and Winter Wheat Rotation System

WU JinZhi1(), HUANG XiuLi1, HOU YuanQuan1, TIAN WenZhong2,3, LI JunHong2,3, ZHANG Jie2,3, LI Fang2,3, LÜ JunJie2,3, YAO YuQing2,3, FU GuoZhan1, HUANG Ming1(), LI YouJun1()   

  1. 1 College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan
    2 Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Luoyang 471023, Henan
    3 Luoyang Dryland Agriculture Test Site, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luoyang 471023, Henan
  • Received:2022-08-25 Accepted:2022-12-05 Published:2023-06-01 Online:2023-06-19

摘要:

【目的】探究不同垄沟种植模式对旱地玉-麦轮作体系作物生产力、土壤性状及土壤硝态氮累积量的影响,为改善旱地土壤肥力,提高作物产量和效率,降低环境风险提供科学依据。【方法】基于中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地始于2004年的长期定位试验,设置6行固定道垄沟种植(6RPRF)、6行每年起垄垄沟种植(6REYRF)、4行固定道垄沟种植(4RPRF)、4行每年起垄垄沟种植(4REYRF)和传统平作(CF)5个处理,分析了2015—2021年度玉米、小麦及其周年的产量、水分利用效率,2020年玉米收获期0—40 cm不同土层的容重、养分含量和酶活性,以及2019—2020年度小麦收获期0—380 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量。【结果】与CF相比,4种垄沟种植下玉米、小麦、周年的6年平均产量分别显著提高8.6%—32.1%、12.5%—25.6%、11.3%—29.6%,水分利用效率分别显著提高8.6%—31.4%、12.5%—31.1%、12.8%—30.3%;0—5 cm和20—40 cm土层的容重分别显著降低7.3%—11.3%和4.9%—11.5%;0—40 cm土层平均有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及脲酶活性分别提高6.0%—19.8%、80.8%—100.0%、28.5%—80.9%、58.5%—141.2%和24.0%—46.9%,0—100 cm土层的硝态氮累积量显著提高38.8%—116.0%,其中,总体以4RPRF处理效果最优,其还可以在硝态氮累积量总量维持在CF水平的同时使0—100 cm土层显著提高38.8%、200—380 cm土层显著降低15.0%,具有提高根层、降低深层土壤硝态氮累积量的作用。固定道垄作模式(PRF)与每年起垄模式(EYRF)相比,玉米和周年的6年平均产量分别显著提高10.6%和9.1%,垄面种植6行模式(6R)下玉米、垄面种植4行模式(4R)下小麦和周年的6年平均水分利用效率分别显著提高21.1%、15.2%和8.2%,土壤养分含量表层提高、下层降低,0—380 cm土层的硝态氮累积量显著降低4.9%—30.2%。4行模式较6行模式,玉米和周年的6年平均产量分别显著提高9.9%和6.8%,EYRF下玉米、PRE下小麦和周年的6年平均水分利用效率分别显著提高7.4%、16.5%和6.7%,土壤特性有改善趋势,但其效应因指标而异,且在不同起垄模式和不同土层表现不同。【结论】4行固定道垄沟种植(4RPRF)既可降低土壤容重,提高土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量,又可使玉米、小麦、周年的产量和水分利用效率在多数条件下表现最优,还可以有效降低200—380 cm土层的硝态氮累积量,是协同实现旱地雨养玉-麦轮作区作物高产高效和环境友好生产的种植模式。

关键词: 垄沟种植, 旱地, 玉-麦轮作, 土壤性状, 产量, 水分利用效率, 硝态氮

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of the present study was to discuss the effects of different ridge and furrow planting patterns on crop productivity, soil properties and soil nitrate-N accumulation, and thus provided a scientific basis for improving soil fertility, increasing crop yield and water use efficiency, and alleviating environmental risks in summer maize-winter wheat rotation system (namely maize-wheat) in dryland.【Method】A study was carried out at the Luoyang Dry Farming Experimental of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences based on the long-term field experiment initiated in 2004. The experiment included five treatments: permanent ridge and furrow and 6 row wheat planted in ridge (6RPRF), ridge and furrow in each year and other managements kept with 6RPRE (6REYRF), permanent ridge and furrow and 4 row wheat planted in ridge (4RPRF), ridge and furrow in each year and other managements kept with 4RPRF (4REYRF), and conventional flat planting pattern according to the local farmer (CF). The effects of different treatments on the grain yield, water use efficiency of summer maize, winter wheat and the annual in 2015-2021, and the bulk density, nutrient content and enzyme activity in the 0-40 cm soil layer at harvest of summer maize in 2020, and the nitrate-N accumulation in the 0-380 cm soil profile at harvest of winter wheat in 2019-2020 was investigated. 【Result】 Compared with CF, the four ridge and furrow planting patterns improved grain yield in summer maize, winter wheat, and all year by 8.6%-32.1%, 12.5%-25.6%, and 11.3%-29.6%, respectively, and water use efficiency by 8.6%-31.4%, 12.5%-31.1% and 12.8%-30.3%, respectively, averaged across the 6 experimental years from 2015 to 2021. They also significantly decreased the soil bulk density by 7.3%-11.3% in 0-5 cm soil layer and by 4.9%-11.5% in 20-40 cm soil layer, respectively, increased the average content of organic matter by 6.0%-19.8%, total nitrogen by 80.8%-100.0%, available phosphors by 28.5%-80.9%, available potassium by 58.5%-141.2%, urease activity by 24.0%-46.9% in 0-40 cm soil layer, as well as increasing the nitrate-N accumulation by 38.8%-116.0% in 0-100 cm soil layer. Among the four ridge and furrow treatments, 4RPRF had the best productivity and the function of improving root layer but decreasing the sub-layer nitrate-N accumulation, in which the nitrate-N accumulation was significantly increased by 38.7% in the 0-100 cm soil layer but significantly decreased by 15.0% in 200-380 cm soil layer with the total amount in 0-380 cm soil layer maintaining at CF level. Compared with ridge and furrow in each year (EYRF), the 6 year average grain yield in summer maize and all year in permanent ridge and furrow (PRF) treatments were increased by 10.55% and 9.10%, respectively, as well as the WUE in summer maize under 6 rows wheat planted in ridge (6R) pattern, in winter wheat under 4 rows wheat planted in ridge (4R) pattern and in all year were increased by 21.08%, 15.06% and 8.23%, respectively. The soil nutrient content under PRF increased in surface layer but decreased in subsoil layer, and the nitrate nitrate-N accumulation decreased by 4.9%-30.2%, compared with EYRF. Compared with 6R pattern, 4R pattern increased the grain yield in summer maize and in all year by 9.9% and 6.8%, as well as the WUE by 7.4%, 16.5% and 6.7%, respectively, in summer maize under EYRF, in winter wheat under PRF and in all year, averaged across the 6 experimental years. Compared with 6R pattern, 4R pattern had a tendency to improve soil properties, but the effect varied with different indexes, ridge raising patterns and soil layer.【Conclusion】4RPRF could not only reduce soil bulk density and increase soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium contents, but also increase the grain yield and water use efficiency in summer maize, winter wheat and all year under most conditions, and also effectively reduce the nitrate-N accumulation in 200-380 cm soil layer. Therefore, 4RPRF was an alternative planting pattern to achieve high yield, high efficiency and environmentally friendly in dryland summer maize-winter wheat rotation system.

Key words: ridge and furrow planting patterns, dryland, maize-wheat rotation, soil properties, grain yield, water use efficiency, nitrate-N