膜下滴灌与细流沟灌对玉米生长及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.08.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确等灌溉量膜下滴灌与细流沟灌对玉米生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响。【方法】以郑单958为研究对象，于2015—2021年进行田间试验，通过管式水分仪测定窄行、根区和宽行下0—50 cm土层水分含量，研究膜下滴灌与细流沟灌对土壤水分分布状况及其对玉米株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、生物量、产量、水分利用效率等的影响。【结果】膜下滴灌优先补充窄行和根区的土壤水分，而细流沟灌优先补充宽行表层的土壤水分。而玉米耗水主要集中在0—30 cm土层范围内，膜下滴灌的窄行和根区0—30 cm土层水分含量均高于细流沟灌；随着土层深度增加灌溉对土壤含水量的影响减小，40—50 cm土层水分动态受灌溉方式影响较小。膜下滴灌较细流沟灌可显著促进玉米在开花期和成熟期的生长，提高叶面积指数。开花期膜下滴灌玉米的株高和叶面积指数较细流沟灌平均增加4.3%和8.3%，成熟期平均增加4.9%和15.1%。开花期和成熟期玉米总生物量均为膜下滴灌>细流沟灌处理，开花期增加12.2%，成熟期增加11.5%。膜下滴灌处理的玉米干物质转移量、干物质转移率和干物质转移量对籽粒贡献率均显著高于细流沟灌处理，分别增加17.8%、3.8%和3.5%。膜下滴灌显著提高玉米产量和灌溉水利用效率，平均增产14.4%，灌溉水利用效率平均提高14.6%。【结论】在等灌量条件下，膜下滴灌增加玉米根区水分含量，促进玉米生长，有利于玉米干物质积累及转运，提高产量，实现节水增效；较细流沟灌平均增产2 131.68 kg·hm^-2，灌溉水利用效率提高8.8%—24.1%。因此膜下滴灌是北疆玉米种植的高产高效灌溉方式。

关键词: 膜下滴灌, 细流沟灌, 玉米, 水分利用效率, 产量, 生长指标, 新疆

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drip irrigation and trickle furrow irrigation on maize growth, yield and water use efficiency. 【Method】 Taking Zhengdan 958 as the research object, a field experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2021. The soil water content of 0-50 cm under narrow row, root zone and wide row was measured by a tubular moisture meter to study the effects of drip irrigation and trickle furrow irrigation under film on soil water distribution and its effects on maize plant height, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, biomass, yield and water use efficiency.【Result】Drip irrigation under mulch gave priority to supplement soil moisture in narrow row and root zone, while trickle furrow irrigation gave priority to supplement surface moisture in wide row. The water consumption of maize was mainly concentrated in 0-30 cm soil layer, and the soil water content in narrow row and 0-30 cm root zone of drip irrigation under mulch was higher than that of trickle furrow irrigation; with the increase of depth, the effect of irrigation on soil water content decreased, and the 40-50 cm water dynamics was less affected by irrigation methods. Drip irrigation under mulch could significantly promote the growth of maize at flowering and maturation stages, and increase leaf area index compared with trickle furrow irrigation. Compared with trickle irrigation, the plant height and leaf area index of drip irrigation under mulch increased by 4.3% and 8.3% at flowering stage, and increased by 4.9% and 15.1% at maturation stage, respectively. The total biomass of maize at flowering stage and maturation stage was drip irrigation under mulch>trickle furrow irrigation treatment, with an increase of 12.2% at flowering stage, and the maturation stage increased by 11.5%. The amount of dry matter transfer, the rate of dry matter transfer and the contribution rate of dry matter transfer of maize under drip irrigation were significantly higher than those under trickle irrigation, with increasing by 17.8%, 3.8% and 3.5% respectively. Drip irrigation under mulch significantly increased maize yield and irrigation water utilization efficiency, with an average yield increase of 14.4%, and irrigation water utilization efficiency increased by 14.6%.【Conclusion】Under the condition of equal irrigation volume, the drip irrigation under mulch could increase the water content in maize root zone, promote the growth of maize, facilitate the accumulation and transportation of dry matter of maize, improve the yield, and achieve water saving and efficiency increasing. Compared with trickle furrow irrigation, the average yield increased by 2 131.68 kg·hm^-2, and the irrigation water use efficiency increased by 8.8%-24.1%. Therefore, the drip irrigation under plastic mulch was a high-yield and efficient irrigation method for maize planting in Northern Xinjiang.

Key words: drip irrigation under mulch, trickle furrow irrigation, maize, water use efficiency, yield, growth index, Xinjiang

刘梦洁, 梁飞, 李全胜, 田宇欣, 王国栋, 贾宏涛. 膜下滴灌与细流沟灌对玉米生长及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(8): 1515-1530.

LIU MengJie, LIANG Fei, LI QuanSheng, TIAN YuXin, WANG GuoDong, JIA HongTao. Effects of Drip Irrigation Under Film and Trickle Furrow Irrigation on Maize Growth and Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(8): 1515-1530.

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图/表 14

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表2

膜下滴灌与细流沟灌0—50 cm土层水分分布情况"

深度 Depth (cm)	位点 Site	处理 Treatment	大喇叭口期 Great trumpet stage	开花期 Flowering stage	籽粒建成期 Grain completion period	成熟期 Maturation stage
0-10	N	MDI	6.73±3.54a	9.76±3.16a	10.67±4.89a	9.42±3.96a
	N	TFI	5.82±2.60a	6.01±2.95b	7.43±3.12b	9.72±3.39a
	R	MDI	8.64±4.12a	10.52±2.75a	10.51±2.33a	10.72±3.35a
	R	TFI	7.13±3.76a	7.20±3.36b	8.46±2.53b	8.96±2.41b
	W	MDI	6.78±3.10a	8.11±3.01a	8.82±4.43a	10.25±4.80a
	W	TFI	6.94±3.95a	7.62±2.68a	8.34±4.01a	9.25±4.30a
10-20	N	MDI	12.11±4.59a	13.42±5.60a	14.95±6.25a	16.53±5.18a
	N	TFI	9.42±2.92b	12.18±2.11a	14.71±3.15a	13.91±3.60b
	R	MDI	14.79±4.49a	15.53±4.87a	15.53±2.67a	17.96±4.30a
	R	TFI	13.71±2.28a	14.59±1.73a	15.22±3.22a	17.64±4.78a
	W	MDI	9.78±4.32a	11.65±4.29b	11.92±5.03b	13.24±3.30b
	W	TFI	13.94±6.74b	14.43±4.84a	16.88±3.89a	19.40±1.83a
20-30	N	MDI	13.51±5.37a	16.48±5.92a	17.43±5.87a	18.64±4.01a
	N	TFI	12.12±4.02a	16.12±2.72a	17.16±3.99a	16.72±4.60b
	R	MDI	14.29±2.29a	16.95±2.27a	17.52±2.47a	19.63±4.71a
	R	TFI	14.79±2.54a	15.68±2.81a	16.52±4.47a	15.85±4.93b
	W	MDI	11.04±5.69b	13.40±6.23b	13.23±6.05b	14.44±4.89b
	W	TFI	15.86±2.29a	16.98±4.56a	18.56±3.12a	20.64±1.74a
30-40	N	MDI	16.82±6.25a	20.22±5.64a	21.20±4.12a	20.70±3.77a
	N	TFI	15.41±5.59a	19.45±3.41a	19.50±4.17b	20.28±4.11a
	R	MDI	18.49±3.66a	19.79±5.04a	22.16±2.71a	21.48±4.98a
	R	TFI	16.37±2.60b	20.11±3.45a	20.27±4.65b	21.72±4.38a
	W	MDI	14.70±5.62b	17.99±6.35b	18.13±5.85b	19.31±5.78b
	W	TFI	18.43±2.73a	20.28±2.45a	21.83±3.28a	23.12±3.12a
40-50	N	MDI	20.12±6.08a	22.70±5.30a	23.78±4.44a	24.28±3.98a
	N	TFI	18.10±5.45b	21.89±4.16a	22.28±4.37b	22.31±4.56b
	R	MDI	20.49±3.45a	20.86±5.26a	23.21±4.13a	24.64±5.12a
	R	TFI	19.31±5.61a	20.37±3.84a	21.87±4.37a	24.51±4.27a
	W	MDI	18.67±5.61a	21.43±6.13a	22.09±5.51a	23.41±3.88a
	W	TFI	19.55±6.85a	22.02±4.14a	22.64±2.85a	24.25±2.88a

表2

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图9

表3

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表5

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处理 Treatment		出苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	小喇叭口期 Small bell- mouth stage	大喇叭口期 Big bell- mouth stage	抽雄期 Heading stage	开花期 Flowering stage	吐丝期 Silking stage	籽粒建成期 Grain formation stage	乳熟期 Milk-ripe stage	总计 Total
MDI	灌水量 Irrigation quantity (m³·hm^-2)	163.6	600.0	600.0	600.0	600.0	600.0	600.0	563.6	472.8	4800.0
	尿素 Urea (kg·hm^-2)	0.0	81.8	81.8	90.9	81.8	81.8	72.7	54.5	0.0	545.3
	磷酸一铵 Monoammonium phosphate (kg·hm^-2)	36.4	36.4	45.5	45.5	45.5	27.3	18.2	18.2	0.0	273.0
	硫酸钾 Potassium sulphate (kg·hm^-2)	0.0	18.2	27.3	27.3	36.4	22.7	18.2	13.6	0.0	163.7
TFI	灌水量 Irrigation quantity (m³·hm^-2)	163.6	1200.0		1200.0		1200.0		1036.4		4800.0
	尿素Urea (kg·hm^-2)	0.0	163.6		172.7		154.5		54.5		545.3
	磷酸一铵 Monoammonium phosphate (kg·hm^-2)	36.4	81.8		90.9		45.5		18.4		273.0
	硫酸钾 Potassium sulphate (kg·hm^-2)	0.0	45.5		63.6		40.9		13.7		163.7

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)	穗行数（行） Row number per ear	行粒数（粒） Kernel number per row	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2015	TFI	47.22±1.34b	12.60±0.95a	29.50±3.09b	335.58±34.03b	14916.40±2026.18b
2015	MDI	48.05±3.19a	12.80±0.98a	33.35±1.95a	393.92±21.86a	16515.66±2617.32a
2016	TFI	44.30±1.97a	13.65±1.00a	30.85±1.09a	337.29±17.84b	14288.22±1632.62b
2016	MDI	44.00±1.61a	14.75±1.41a	33.30±1.14a	365.43±26.76a	16843.50±1634.13a
2017	TFI	46.51±1.78b	14.70±1.45a	34.05±1.84b	306.18±15.16b	15428.78±2809.12b
2017	MDI	49.00±3.49a	15.50±1.68a	38.20±2.73a	326.75±27.56a	18225.88±1973.58a
2018	TFI	44.85±1.17b	13.60±0.33a	32.65±3.91b	305.20±18.91b	14041.35±1399.99b
2018	MDI	46.85±2.73a	14.30±0.50a	36.45±2.25a	330.91±25.04a	15278.19±3218.16a
2019	TFI	45.50±0.43a	14.60±0.86a	33.05±2.83a	324.94±72.73b	15991.53±2714.84b
2019	MDI	46.75±0.77a	14.30±0.69a	34.75±2.52a	346.35±31.95a	17397.55±3352.87a
2020	TFI	48.55±1.75a	14.40±0.50a	31.60±0.75a	356.14±33.57b	14587.73±1668.32b
2020	MDI	49.55±1.54a	14.80±0.53a	31.40±0.21a	369.91±59.09a	18103.98±2863.82a
2021	TFI	43.42±1.36a	13.43±0.43a	29.75±2.69a	380.88±21.07a	14754.67±1369.82b
2021	MDI	43.98±1.83a	13.78±0.13a	30.33±2.09a	384.35±19.05a	16565.66±1056.69a
平均 Mean	TFI	45.76a	13.85a	31.64a	335.17b	14858.38b
平均 Mean	MDI	46.88a	14.32a	33.97a	359.66a	16990.06a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	开花期干物质 Dry matter at flowering stage (kg·hm^-2)	成熟期干物质 Dry matter at maturation stage (kg·hm^-2)	干物质转移量 Dry matter transshipment (kg·hm^-2)	干物质转移率 Dry matter transport rate (%)	对籽粒贡献率 Grain contribution rate (%)
2015	TFI	18493.49a	27382.16a	5162.69a	40.08a	34.61a
2015	MDI	19859.40a	30110.85a	5870.70a	43.76a	35.55a
2016	TFI	20213.96a	27909.20b	6580.82a	47.50a	42.89a
2016	MDI	21811.50a	30948.75a	7224.32a	48.40a	46.06a
2017	TFI	20313.63a	28281.96b	7354.98a	53.43a	43.13a
2017	MDI	21291.66a	31395.20a	7860.65a	54.61a	47.67a
2018	TFI	19459.31b	26063.78b	7263.27b	53.64b	51.73a
2018	MDI	21476.24a	28190.16a	8335.34a	55.92a	54.56a
2019	TFI	17185.16b	27676.69b	4978.46b	42.82b	31.13a
2019	MDI	19605.22a	30021.84a	6602.87a	51.17a	37.95a
2020	TFI	17173.31b	27439.78b	4270.48b	35.39a	29.27a
2020	MDI	20855.56a	32706.41a	6352.09a	43.73a	35.09a
2021	TFI	19819.49b	26768.55b	7515.79b	58.41a	50.94a
2021	MDI	22340.09a	30223.80a	8534.99a	60.10a	51.52a
平均 Mean	TFI	18951.19b	27360.30b	6160.93b	47.32a	40.53a
平均 Mean	MDI	21034.24a	30513.86a	7254.42a	51.10a	44.06a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	玉米生育期灌水量 Irrigation amount in maize growth period(m³·hm^-2)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	灌溉水利用效率 Irrigation water utilization rate (kg·m^-3)
2015	TFI	4800	14916.40b	2.83b
2015	MDI	4800	16515.66a	3.13a
2016	TFI	4800	14288.22b	2.71b
2016	MDI	4800	16843.50a	3.19a
2017	TFI	4800	15428.78b	2.92b
2017	MDI	4800	18225.88a	3.45a
2018	TFI	4800	14041.35b	2.66a
2018	MDI	4800	15278.19a	2.89a
2019	TFI	4800	15991.53b	3.03a
2019	MDI	4800	17397.55a	3.29a
2020	TFI	4800	14587.73b	2.76b
2020	MDI	4800	18103.98a	3.43a
2021	TFI	4800	14754.67b	2.79b
2021	MDI	4800	16565.66a	3.14a
平均 Mean	TFI	4800	14858.38b	2.81b
平均 Mean	MDI	4800	16990.06a	3.22a