绿洲灌区密植减量施氮玉米的水分利用特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.16.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对干旱灌区水资源有限、玉米生产氮肥投入过高、水分利用效率（WUE）低等问题，探讨密植补偿减量施氮对玉米水分利用效率负效应的可行性，为建立玉米节氮、水分高效利用技术提供理论依据。【方法】于2019—2022年在甘肃武威设置裂区试验，主区设减量施氮（N₁，270 kg·hm^-2）和传统施氮（N₂，360 kg·hm^-2）两个水平，裂区设传统密度（M₁，78 000株/hm²）、中密度（M₂，103 500株/hm²）和高密度（M₃，129 000株/hm²）3个水平，N₂M₁为对照，重点研究施氮、种植密度及两者互作对玉米耗水特性、水分利用效率的影响。【结果】试验年度内，减量施氮较传统施氮处理耗水量降低4.7%，高、中密度较传统密度处理耗水量分别增大8.4%、4.2%，减量施氮与中密度组合（N₁M₂）与对照相比耗水量无显著差异。玉米籽粒产量随施氮量的减少而降低，中密度较高密度、传统密度显著提高了籽粒产量，减量施氮与中密度组合较对照提高了籽粒产量。减量施氮较传统施氮处理籽粒产量降低了4.6%，中密度较高密度、传统密度处理籽粒产量分别提高5.6%、8.2%，N₁M₂较N₂M₁籽粒产量提高4.3%。减量施氮降低了灌溉水分利用效率（IWUE），但能够保持与传统施氮相同的WUE；中密度有利于提高玉米IWUE和WUE，补偿减量施氮导致的水分利用效率下降。4年内，减量施氮使玉米IWUE降低4.5%，但WUE未显著下降；中密度较传统密度、高密度处理的IWUE分别提高8.6%、6.4%，WUE分别提高4.5%、10.1%；中密度对减量施氮IWUE和WUE的补偿效应分别为4.3%和5.2%。【结论】在干旱灌区，玉米全生育期施氮270 kg·hm^-2、密度103 500株/hm²较现有水氮管理水平提高了产量和水分利用效率，是适用于该区域的玉米节氮、水分高效利用生产技术。

关键词: 减量施氮, 密植, 土壤含水量, 耗水量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】In arid irrigation area, the problem of limited water resources, high nitrogen fertilizer input, and low water use efficiency (WUE) in maize production is serious, it’s necessary to investigate the viability of dense planting to compensate for the negative impact of reduced nitrogen application on the water use efficiency of maize, so as to provide academic foundation for the maize production with reduced nitrogen but high water use efficiency.【Method】From 2019 to 2022, a split-plot experiment was carried out in Wuwei, Gansu Province. Two levels of nitrogen application rate, including reduced nitrogen application (N₁, 270 kg·hm^-2) and traditional nitrogen application (N₂, 360 kg·hm^-2) were set in the main plot. Three planting densities, including traditional density (M₁, 78 000 plants/hm²), medium density (M₂, 103 500 plants/hm²), and high density (M₃, 129 000 plants/hm²) were set in the split-plot, N₂M₁ was set as the control. The effects of nitrogen application, plant density and their interaction on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency of maize were mainly studied.【Result】In the trial year, the water consumption of reduced nitrogen application was 4.7% lower than that of traditional nitrogen application. The water consumption of the combination of reduced nitrogen application and medium density (N₁M₂) was not significantly different from that of the control. The water consumption of high and medium density treatments increased by 8.4% and 4.2% respectively compared with that of traditional density treatment. The grain yield of maize decreased with the reduction of nitrogen application. Medium density could increase grain yield compared with high density and traditional density. The combination of reduced nitrogen application and medium density increased the grain yield compared with the control. In the test year, the grain yield of the reduced nitrogen application treatment was 4.6% lower than that of traditional nitrogen application treatment, the grain yield of the medium density treatment was increased by 5.6% and 8.2% respectively compared with high density treatment and traditional density, and the grain yield of N₁M₂ was 4.3% higher than that of N₂M₁. Reducing nitrogen application reduced IWUE, but maintained the same WUE as traditional nitrogen application; Medium density was beneficial to improve WUE and IWUE, and could compensate for the WUE decrease caused by reduced nitrogen application. In the four study years, the IWUE decreased by 4.5% due to reduced nitrogen application, and there was no significant difference in WUE between the two nitrogen application levels; Compared with the traditional and high density treatments, the IWUE of the medium density treatment increased by 8.6% and 6.4%, respectively, and the WUE increased by 4.5% and 10.1%, respectively; The compensation effects of medium density on the IWUE and WUE were 4.3% and 5.2%, respectively.【Conclusion】In arid irrigation area, applying nitrogen of 270 kg·hm^-2 and density of 103 500 plants/hm² during the whole growth period of maize can increase the yield and water use efficiency compared with the existing water and nitrogen management measures, which is a production technology for nitrogen saving and water efficient utilization of maize in this area.

Key words: nitrogen reduction, high planting density, soil water content, water consumption, water use efficiency

焦智辉, 陈桂平, 范虹, 张金丹, 殷文, 李含婷, 王琦明, 胡发龙, 柴强. 绿洲灌区密植减量施氮玉米的水分利用特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(16): 3088-3099.

JIAO ZhiHui, CHEN GuiPing, FAN Hong, ZHANG JinDan, YIN Wen, LI HanTing, WANG QiMing, HU FaLong, CHAI Qiang. Water Use Characteristics of Increased Plant Density and Reduced Nitrogen Application Maize in Oasis Irrigated Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(16): 3088-3099.

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处理 Treatment	播前贮水量 Soil water storage before sowing				收后贮水量 Soil water storage after harvest				全生育期耗水量 Water consumption during the whole growth period
处理 Treatment	2019	2020	2021	2022	2019	2020	2021	2022	2019	2020	2021	2022
N₁M₁	338.7a	338.6a	344.3a	340.1a	312.6a	300.2a	309.2a	315.7a	598.3d	576.5f	595.3e	641.8d
N₁M₂	340.4a	340.9a	341.2a	344.3a	272.0c	267.8c	270.4c	302.1ab	618.0c	583.4e	608.4d	654.8cd
N₁M₃	337.1a	338.2a	329.5a	339.4a	291.4b	292.7b	281.3b	282.5bc	664.9b	621.3c	640.2c	674.3bc
N₂M₁	339.9a	340.0a	343.3a	340.8a	248.5e	251.6d	250.8e	303.5ab	620.5c	594.4d	611.0d	659.7cd
N₂M₂	341.4a	337.8a	341.5a	342.7a	251.3d	254.5d	261.4d	271.9c	660.7b	626.4b	652.7b	688.2b
N₂M₃	339.8a	342.4a	339.1a	339.9a	227.4f	238.0e	228.2f	244.6d	684.5a	639.1a	674.4a	712.8a
显著性（P值）Significance (P value)
年份Year (Y)	NS				**				**
施氮水平 N fertilizer	NS				**				**
种植密度Density (D)	NS				**				**
N×D	NS				**				**
Y×N	NS				**				NS
Y×D	NS				**				**
Y×N×D	NS				**				**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播种期至拔节期 Sowing-jointing	拔节期至大喇叭口期 Jointing-big trumpet	大喇叭口期至开花期 Big trumpet-flowering	开花期至灌浆期 Flowering-filling	灌浆期至成熟期 Filling-maturation
2019	N₁M₁	132.6d	143.1b	95.2c	84.9c	142.3e
	N₁M₂	138.8cd	144.4b	94.6c	84.5c	155.4d
	N₁M₃	144.4bc	152.1a	95.6c	101.7a	168.3a
	N₂M₁	149.9b	151.2a	99.0b	79.2d	141.3e
	N₂M₂	167.9a	153.4a	100.1b	83.8c	158.3c
	N₂M₃	171.2a	154.1a	102.9a	93.7b	162.6b
2020	N₁M₁	111.6d	107.9d	106.0a	107.1b	143.9c
	N₁M₂	128.9c	105.8e	99.6c	105.5b	143.6c
	N₁M₃	133.3c	114.2b	103.4b	113.3a	157.1a
	N₂M₁	129.8c	112.0c	105.9a	108.0b	138.7d
	N₂M₂	140.9b	124.8a	101.1c	109.5ab	150.1b
	N₂M₃	150.0a	124.4a	104.0ab	107.4b	153.3b
2021	N₁M₁	134.5cd	116.6d	94.1b	99.9c	150.1e
	N₁M₂	136.9cd	128.5bc	91.2c	98.5d	153.2d
	N₁M₃	132.0d	130.b	96.8ab	110.9a	169.8a
	N₂M₁	139.7c	125.5c	96.4ab	101.0c	148.4f
	N₂M₂	156.5b	142.3a	95.4ab	100.1c	158.4c
	N₂M₃	163.8a	144.8a	98.3a	104.5b	163.0b
2022	N₁M₁	130.8d	138.5c	87.8a	112.9b	171.9d
	N₁M₂	136.9cd	134.3d	89.0a	116.0ab	178.6cd
	N₁M₃	143.5bc	141.1bc	86.4a	120.0ab	183.0bc
	N₂M₁	136.1cd	139.1c	88.3a	110.5b	185.7abc
	N₂M₂	147.8ab	142.9b	85.5a	120.6ab	191.3ab
	N₂M₃	155.1a	149.6a	85.1a	127.2a	195.8a
显著性（P值）Significance (P value)
年份Year (Y)		**	**	**	**	**
施氮水平N fertilizer		**	**	*	*	*
种植密度Density (D)		**	**	**	**	**
N×D		**	**	NS	*	**
Y×N		**	**	**	**	**
Y×D		*	**	**	*	**
Y×N×D		**	**	NS	NS	NS