不同秸秆还田方式对玉米农田土壤CO2排放量和碳平衡的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究秸秆还田方式对土壤CO₂排放特征及碳平衡的影响，为东北地区农田土壤固碳减排和秸秆还田方式的选择提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间微区试验，以玉米为供试作物，设置3种秸秆还田方式：秸秆浅层还田（QH）、秸秆深层还田（SH）和秸秆覆盖还田（FG），无秸秆还田（CK）处理为对照。利用LI-8100A 土壤碳通量自动测定仪监测玉米生长季不同秸秆还田方式下土壤CO₂的排放特征，探讨土壤温度、含水量、pH、微生物量碳及氮磷钾速效养分和全量养分对土壤CO₂排放的影响，并分析不同还田方式下的土壤碳平衡。【结果】在玉米生长季，各处理土壤CO₂排放速率均表现为先升高后降低的趋势。土壤CO₂累积排放量表现为FG>QH>SH>CK处理，相较于SH处理，FG和QH处理土壤CO₂累积排放量分别增加了14.0%和6.4%，各处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。不同还田方式下土壤CO₂排放速率与土壤温度、土壤含水量进行单因素模型拟合，均呈二次函数相关关系，且达到了显著水平（P<0.05），土壤温度和土壤含水量分别解释68.2%—73.7%和21.3%—82.8%的土壤CO₂排放速率变化，但土壤温度和土壤含水量的双因素复合模型能更好地解释土壤CO₂排放速率的变化，解释度达到78.5%—82.8%。相关性分析表明，土壤CO₂累积排放量与速效钾、微生物量碳呈极显著相关关系（P<0.01），与土壤有机质、碱解氮、全氮和pH呈显著的相关关系（P<0.05）。秸秆还田处理下土壤碳平衡均为正值，为大气CO₂碳汇。SH处理下土壤碳平衡和固碳潜力显著高于QH、FG处理，提高幅度分别为23.4%、475.7%和7.1%、30.7%（P<0.05），表现出较强的碳汇功能。在两年收获期，秸秆还田显著提高了玉米产量，其中SH处理最高，但与QH和FG处理间无显著差异。【结论】本试验条件下，综合考虑固碳减排效应和产量，3种秸秆还田方式相比，秸秆深层还田（SH）是一种较好的还田方式。

关键词: 秸秆还田方式, 土壤CO₂排放, 土壤温度, 土壤含水量, 玉米产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of different straw returning patterns on soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission characteristics and carbon balance were discussed, which provided a scientific basis for carbon (C) sequestration and emission reduction as well as the selection of straw returning patterns in Northeast China. 【Method】 A field micro-plot experiment were conducted with maize as the experimental crop, and three straw returning patterns were set up, including straw shallow returning (QH), straw deep returning (SH), and straw mulching (FG). No straw returning (CK) was used as the control treatment. The LI-8100A automatic soil C flux tester was used to monitor soil CO₂ emission characteristics under different straw returning patterns during the maize growth period. Effects of soil temperature, soil moisture content, pH, MBC, available nutrients and total nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on soil CO₂ emissions were analyzed, and soil carbon balance was investigated too. 【Result】 During the maize season, soil CO₂ emission rates showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing under different straw returning patterns. The cumulative soil CO₂ emissions were as follows: FG>QH>SH>CK treatment. Compared with SH treatment, the cumulative soil CO₂ emissions under FG and QH treatments increased by 14.0% and 6.4%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the treatments (P<0.05). The single factor model fitting of soil CO₂ emission rates, soil temperature and soil moisture content under different straw returning patterns showed a quadratic function correlation, and reached a significant level (P<0.05), soil temperature could explain the variation of soil CO₂ emission rate of 68.2%-73.7%, and soil moisture content could explain 21.3%-37.5%. However, the two-factor composite model of soil temperature and soil moisture content could better explain the variation of soil CO₂ emission rate, with an explanation of 78.5%-82.8%. Correlation analysis showed that cumulative CO₂ emissions were significantly correlated with available potassium and MBC (P<0.01), and significantly correlated with soil organic matter, available nitrogen, total nitrogen, and pH (P<0.05). The soil carbon balance was positive under different straw returning patterns, which were the "sink" of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The soil carbon balance and carbon sequestration potential under the SH treatment were significantly higher than the QH and FG treatments by increased of 23.4%, 475.7% and 7.1%, 30.7% (P<0.05), respectively. Compared with other treatments, the SH treatment showed a strong carbon "sink" function. In the two-year harvest period, straw returning treatments significantly increased maize yield, SH treatment had the highest maize yield, but there was no significant difference with QH and FG treatments. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, taking into account the carbon sequestration and emission reduction effect and yield, SH was a better straw returning pattern compared with the three patterns.

Key words: straw returning patterns, soil CO₂ emission, soil temperature, soil moisture content, maize yield

李金, 任立军, 李晓宇, 毕润学, 金鑫鑫, 虞娜, 张玉玲, 邹洪涛, 张玉龙. 不同秸秆还田方式对玉米农田土壤CO₂排放量和碳平衡的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(14): 2738-2750.

LI Jin, REN LiJun, LI XiaoYu, BI RunXue, JIN XinXin, YU Na, ZHANG YuLing, ZOU HongTao, ZHANG YuLong. Effects of Different Straw Returning Patterns on Soil CO₂ Emission and Carbon Balance in Maize Field[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(14): 2738-2750.

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处理Treatment	操作Operation
秸秆浅层还田 Straw shallow returning (QH)	20—40 cm土层翻动后填回，0—20 cm土层翻动并与秸秆混合 The 20-40 cm soil layer was turned and filled back, the 0-20 cm soil layer was turned and mixed with straw
秸秆深层还田 Straw deep returning (SH)	20—40 cm土层翻动并与秸秆混合，0—20 cm土层翻动后填回 The 20-40 cm soil layer was turned and mixed with straw, the 0-20 cm soil layer was turned and filled back
秸秆覆盖还田 Straw mulching (FG)	20—40和0—20 cm土层翻动后分层填回，表面覆盖秸秆 The 20-40 cm soil layer and the 0-20 cm soil layer were turned and filled back in layers, the surface was covered with straw
无秸秆还田 No straw returning (CK)	20—40和0—20 cm土层翻动后分层填回 The 20-40 cm soil layer and the 0-20 cm soil layer were turned and filled back in layers

处理 Treatment	z	a	b	c	d	R²
CK	-23.785	0.556	1.610	-0.011	-0.029	0.820
QH	-17.005	0.489	1.342	-0.009	-0.026	0.785
FG	-14.226	-0.007	1.716	0.002	-0.035	0.828
SH	-21.720	0.489	1.734	-0.010	-0.035	0.821

处理 Treatment	NPPa (kg·hm^-2)	NPPC (kg·hm^-2)	RmC (kg·hm^-2)	NEPC (kg·hm^-2)	Cs
CK	8226.67±122.20c	5464.85±81.17c	3877.45±25.10d	1587.40±97.45b	1.22±0.02a
QH	10133.33±115.47a	6731.43±76.70a	5207.75±59.70b	1523.67±67.09b	1.12±0.01b
FG	8893.33±100.66b	5907.71±66.86b	5581.18±28.03a	326.53±40.07c	0.92±0.01c
SH	10200.00±200.10a	6775.72±132.85a	4895.84±20.19c	1879.87±124.66a	1.20±0.02a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗行数 Kernel row number (No.)	穗粒数 Kernel number (No.)	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2020	CK	17.20±0.35a	576.15±5.38c	30.37±0.73c	8201.12±145.50c
	QH	17.50±0.50a	634.42±14.40b	31.34±0.81bc	9055.20±67.39b
	FG	17.85±0.79a	685.02±10.61a	32.83±0.65b	10007.21±346.17a
	SH	18.20±0.34a	689.23±15.19a	34.35±0.98a	10117.79±99.42a
2021	CK	17.22±1.07a	694.67±10.26b	29.69±0.81c	11466.67±611.01b
	QH	17.67±0.33a	727.33±10.01a	31.13±0.37b	13066.67±115.47a
	FG	17.56±0.51a	718.00±10.53a	31.86±0.72b	12933.33±230.94a
	SH	18.33±0.66a	737.67±12.89a	33.17±0.24a	13533.33±115.47a

不同秸秆还田方式对玉米农田土壤CO₂排放量和碳平衡的影响

Effects of Different Straw Returning Patterns on Soil CO₂ Emission and Carbon Balance in Maize Field

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