滴灌施肥模式对玉米产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.08.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过研究不同滴灌施肥模式对玉米产量、养分吸收、土壤氮素平衡、水分利用效率及经济效益的影响,以期为吉林省半干旱区滴灌玉米的生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2019年在吉林省松原市民乐村进行田间试验,设置5个处理,即覆膜滴灌水肥一体化（DFM）、浅埋滴灌水肥一体化（DF）、浅埋滴尿素处理（DIU）、浅埋滴水处理（DI）和农民习惯施肥处理（FP）,于玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期、吐丝期、灌浆期和成熟期采集植株样品,分为茎秆、叶片和籽粒三部分,测定干物质积累量及氮、磷、钾含量,分析玉米关键生育时期植株养分吸收利用特性。在玉米播种前和收获后采集0—100 cm土层土样分析土壤氮素平衡情况,采集玉米播种前和收获后0—200 cm土层土样测定土壤含水量,分析玉米水分利用效率。【结果】滴灌施肥处理（DFM、DF、DIU和DI）两年玉米的平均产量显著高于农民习惯施肥处理10.3%—20.6%,在干旱年份（2018年）的增产幅度（13.7%—27.9%）大于多雨年份（2019年）的增产幅度（7.2%—13.7%）,还提高了成熟期玉米氮、磷、钾积累量,提高幅度分别为15.7%—31.7 %（P<0.05）、11.0%—35.6%（P<0.05）和5.2%—20.9%,尤其提高了吐丝后氮、磷、钾的吸收量,分别提高63.1%—95.2%（P<0.05）、11.6%—63.0%和40.0%—110.0%（P<0.05）;水分利用效率显著提高了21.8%—33.9%,降低氮素表观损失量13.8%—92.0%。覆膜滴灌（DFM）与浅埋滴灌（DF）处理相比,在干旱年份显著提高了玉米产量和水分利用效率,而在多雨年份差异不显著,覆膜滴灌显著降低了土壤氮素表观损失量74.2%,二者净收益无显著性差异,DFM处理的产投比显著低于DF处理。在浅埋滴灌条件下,DF处理与DIU处理间的玉米产量、氮素表观损失量和水分利用效率差异均不显著;DF处理成熟期的干物质积累量和磷钾积累量显著高于DIU处理;DF处理与DIU处理的净收益和产投比均无显著性差异;DI处理在干旱年份的玉米产量显著高于FP处理13.7%,在多雨年份并不显著,还显著提高了成熟期的氮磷积累量和吐丝后的氮钾积累量,DI处理的净收益与FP处理无显著性差异,但产投比显著低于FP处理。【结论】滴灌施肥模式在半干旱区可提高玉米产量、成熟期氮磷钾积累量和水分利用效率,降低土壤氮素表观损失量,在干旱年份效果显著。覆膜滴灌技术在干旱年份优势大于浅埋滴灌,但产投比显著低于浅埋滴灌技术。浅埋滴尿素模式的产量、水分利用效率、净收益和产投比与浅埋滴灌水肥一体模式相比均无显著性差异,成本较低的浅埋滴尿素模式简化了生产环节,还可达到一定的增产效果。综上所述,在本试验条件下,浅埋滴尿素模式是适宜吉林省半干旱区玉米生产的滴灌施肥技术。

关键词: 滴灌施肥, 玉米, 产量, 养分吸收, 水分利用效率, 经济效益

Abstract:

【Objective】 To study the effects of different drip fertigation modes on maize yield, nutrient absorption, soil nitrogen balance, water use efficiency and economic benefits, in order to provide a theoretical basis for drip irrigation maize production in semi-arid area of Jilin province.【Method】Field experiment was carried out in Minle Village of Jilin Province for 2018-2019. Five treatments were set up: drip fertigation with plastic film (DFM), shallow buried drip fertigation (DF), shallow buried drip fertigation urea (DIU), shallow buried drip irrigation (DI), and farmer practices (FP). We collected plant samples at jointing stage, bell stage, silking stage, filling stage and mature stage, divided into stem, leaf and grain parts, measured the shoot dry matter weight and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Based on these data, the nutrient absorption were calculated or evaluated. The soil samples from 0-100 cm soil depth were respectively collected before sowing and after harvest of maize to study soil nitrogen balance．The soil samples from 0-200 cm soil depth were respectively collected before sowing and after harvest of maize to study water use efficiency.【Result】The maize yield of drip fertigation treatments (DFM, DF, DIU and DI) were higher than farmers' conventional treatment 10.3%-20.6%, the rate of yield increase in the dry year (2018) (13.7%-27.9%) was higher than that in the rainy year (2019) (7.2%-13.7%), meanwhile, the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in mature stage was increased by 15.7%-31.7%（P<0.05）, 11.0%-35.6% (P<0.05) and 5.2%-20.9%, especially increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake after silking by 63.1%-95.2% (P<0.05), 11.6%-63.0% and 40.0%-110.0% (P<0.05); it also significantly increased the water use efficiency (WUE) by 21.8%-33.9% and decreased the apparent nitrogen loss by 13.8%-92.0%. Compared with shallow buried drip fertigation (DF), DFM treatment increased the yield and water use efficiency in dry years, but differences were not significant in rainy years, DFM treatment significantly reduced soil nitrogen apparent loss by 74.2%, but there was no significant difference in net income between in two treatments, and the benefit/cost ratio of DFM treatment was lower than that of DF treatment significantly. Under shallow buried drip irrigation, there were no significant differences in maize yield, nitrogen apparent loss and water use efficiency between DF and DIU treatments. However, the accumulation of dry matter and P and K in DF treatment at mature stage were significantly higher than those in DIU treatment. There was no significant difference between DF treatment and DIU treatment in net income and benefit/cost ratio. The maize yield of DI treatment was 13.7% higher than that of FP treatment in dry years, but not significantly in rainy years. It also significantly increased N and P accumulation at mature stage and N and K accumulation after silking. The net income of DI treatment was not significantly different from that of FP treatment, but the ratio of production and input was significantly lower than that of FP treatment.【Conclusion】Drip fertigation mode could increase maize yield, N, P and K accumulation and water use efficiency, and reduce N apparent loss in semi-arid areas, and the effect was significant in dry years. The advantage of DFM treatment were greater than DF, but the benefit/cost ratio was lower than DF. There was no significant difference in the yield, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency, net income and the benefit/cost ratio between shallow buried drip fertigation urea technology and shallow buried drip fertigation technology, the low cost DIU treatment simplified the production process, and also had the obvious effect on increasing grain yield. In conclusion, shallow buried drip fertigation urea mode was suitable for the current situation of maize production in semi-arid area of Jilin Province.

Key words: drip fertigation, maize, yield, nutrient absorption, water use efficiency, economic benefit

李前, 秦裕波, 尹彩侠, 孔丽丽, 王蒙, 侯云鹏, 孙博, 赵胤凯, 徐晨, 刘志全. 滴灌施肥模式对玉米产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(8): 1604-1616.

LI Qian, QIN YuBo, YIN CaiXia, KONG LiLi, WANG Meng, HOU YunPeng, SUN Bo, ZHAO YinKai, XU Chen, LIU ZhiQuan. Effect of Drip Fertigation Mode on Maize Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economic Benefit[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(8): 1604-1616.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg∙hm^-2)	穗数 Ear number (ear/hm²)	穗粒数 Grain number (NO. /ear)	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)
2018	覆膜滴灌DFM	12443a	67030a	633a	29.2a
	浅埋滴灌DF	11681b	66681a	607b	28.7a
	浅埋滴尿素DIU	11404b	66306a	606b	28.2b
	浅埋滴水DI	11063b	66357a	599b	27.7b
	农民习惯FP	9728c	65284a	573c	25.9c
2019	覆膜滴灌DFM	11917a	66532a	554a	32.3a
	浅埋滴灌DF	11686a	66126a	544ab	32.0ab
	浅埋滴尿素DIU	11394a	65889a	541b	31.7bc
	浅埋滴水DI	11233ab	65966a	538b	31.6bc
	农民习惯FP	10479b	65803a	507c	31.3c
变异来源Source of variation
年份Year（Y）		NS	NS	**	**
模式Modes (M)		**	NS	**	**
年份×模式Y×M		NS	NS	NS	**

处理 Treatments	拔节期 Elongation	大喇叭口期 Belling	吐丝期 Silking	灌浆期 Milking	成熟期 Mature
覆膜滴灌DFM	23.8a	90.5a	139.7a	247.8a	375.3a
浅埋滴灌DF	22.4b	86.6ab	136.2ab	242.3a	374.0a
浅埋滴尿素DIU	22.3b	83.5bc	134.2ab	240.8a	361.7b
浅埋滴水DI	20.3c	81.8cd	130.2b	233.4b	351.8c
农民习惯FP	19.6c	79.3d	129.7b	225.6c	337.0d
2018	24.0a	99.4a	150.7a	240.8a	364.7a
2019	19.3b	69.3	117.2b	235.1b	355.2b
变异来源Source of variation
年份Year (Y)	**	**	**	*	**
模式Modes (M)	**	**	**	**	**
年份×模式Y×M	*	NS	NS	NS	NS

处理 Treatment	氮积累量 N accumulation			磷积累量P accumulation			钾积累量K accumulation
处理 Treatment	吐丝期Silking	成熟期 Mature	吐丝后 Post-silking	吐丝期Silking	成熟期 Mature	吐丝后 Post-silking	吐丝期Silking	成熟期 Mature	吐丝后 Post-silking
覆膜滴灌DFM	129.5a	195.6a	66.2a	81.3a	139.0a	57.7a	189.8a	194.0a	4.2a
浅埋滴灌DF	125.4ab	189.2ab	63.9ab	76.3b	130.3b	53.9a	181.8b	185.5a	3.8a
浅埋滴尿素DIU	122.5bc	183.0b	60.5ab	74.6b	120.9c	46.3b	171.4c	174.2b	2.9b
浅埋滴水DI	116.6cd	171.9c	55.3b	74.1b	113.6d	39.5c	165.9c	168.7bc	2.8b
农民习惯FP	114.6d	148.5d	33.9c	66.8c	102.3e	35.4c	158.3d	160.4c	2.0c
2018	123.9a	183.5a	59.7a	76.2a	121.5a	48.5a	175.5a	178.8a	3.3a
2019	105.0b	171.8b	52.2b	72.9b	120.9a	44.6b	171.3a	174.3a	3.0a
变异来源 Source of variation
年份Year (Y)	**	**	*	**	NS	*	NS	NS	NS
模式Modes (M)	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	*
年份×模式Y×M	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

处理 Treatments	0—100 cm土层硝态氮含量 NO₃^--N content in 0-100 cm soil layer		两年氮投入量 Total N input in two years	两年总氮吸收量 Total N uptake in two years	氮素表观损失 N apparent loss in two years
处理 Treatments	2018年播前 Before sowing of 2018	2019年收获 At harvest of 2019	两年氮投入量 Total N input in two years	两年总氮吸收量 Total N uptake in two years	氮素表观损失 N apparent loss in two years
覆膜滴灌DFM	69.1	89.8ab	420	391.2a	8.0c
浅埋滴灌DF	69.1	79.5b	420	378.5b	31.0b
浅埋滴尿素DIU	69.1	88.9ab	420	366.1c	34.1b
浅埋滴水DI	69.1	58.7c	420	343.9d	86.4a
农民习惯FP	69.1	91.9a	420	297.0e	100.2a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	耗水量 Water consumption (mm∙hm^-2)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg∙m^-3)
2018	覆膜滴灌DFM	340d	3.66a
	浅埋滴灌DF	373b	3.14b
	浅埋滴尿素DIU	366bc	3.12b
	浅埋滴水DI	353cd	3.13b
	农民习惯FP	418a	2.33c
2019	覆膜滴灌DFM	501a	2.38a
	浅埋滴灌DF	488ab	2.39a
	浅埋滴尿素DIU	490ab	2.33a
	浅埋滴水DI	475b	2.36a
	农民习惯FP	480b	2.18b
变异来源Source of variation
年份Year（Y）		**	**
模式Modes (M)		**	**
年份×模式Y×M		**	**