干旱灌区春小麦水分利用特征对绿肥与麦秸协同还田的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确绿肥与麦秸协同还田对春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）水分利用特征的影响，对干旱灌区应用绿肥构建小麦水分高效可持续生产模式具有重要支撑作用。【方法】本研究采取随机区组试验设计，以麦后休闲（W）为对照，设置了麦后免耕播种绿肥+绿肥与麦秸全量还田（W-NTGS）、麦后免耕播种绿肥+绿肥单一还田（W-NTG）、麦后浅旋灭茬播种绿肥+绿肥单一还田（W-TG）3个处理，对小麦耗水特征、籽粒产量、水分利用效率（WUE）和灌溉水利用效率（WUE_i）进行了研究。【结果】复种绿肥较麦后休闲显著增加了小麦播前0—50 cm土层的土壤贮水量，其中W-NTGS处理小麦播前0—10、10—20、20—30、30—50 cm土层的土壤贮水量，分别较W-NTG处理增加了22.1%、30.2%、21.5%和11.1%，较W-TG处理增加了26.2%、33.2%、26.5%和16.4%；而W-NTG与W-TG处理间小麦播前0—110 cm的土壤贮水量均无显著差异。复种绿肥较麦后休闲分别使小麦耗水量、棵间蒸发量和蒸散比平均减少7.0%—7.1%、11.7%—20.1%和5.2%—15.9%，在复种绿肥中，W-NTGS处理小麦耗水量较W-NTG处理在2021年减少6.4%，较W-TG处理在2020和2021年平均减少6.1%；W-NTGS处理小麦棵间蒸发量分别较W-NTG、W-TG处理平均减少9.7%和13.6%，蒸散比分别降低6.2%和11.3%，W-NTG与W-TG处理间的耗水量、棵间蒸发量、蒸散比均无显著差异。复种绿肥较麦后休闲使小麦籽粒产量增加6.4%—16.8%，其中W-NTGS处理分别较W-NTG、W-TG处理平均增加6.6%和9.8%，W-NTG与W-TG处理间的小麦籽粒产量差异不显著。与麦后休闲相比较，复种绿肥使小麦WUE、WUE_i分别提高11.9%—30.7%和6.4%—16.8%，复种绿肥之间相比较，W-NTGS处理分别较W-NTG、W-TG处理的WUE平均提高10.9%和16.8%，WUE_i平均提高6.6%和9.8%，W-NTG与W-TG处理间的WUE和WUE_i差异不显著。【结论】麦后免耕播种绿肥+绿肥与麦秸全量还田（W-NTGS）可显著增加小麦播前0—50 cm土壤贮水量，减少小麦季土壤水分的无效损耗，从而在减少小麦耗水量的同时增加籽粒产量，最终显著提高农田水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率，可作为干旱灌区小麦复种绿肥水分高效利用推荐技术。

关键词: 绿肥, 麦秸还田, 耗水特征, 水分利用效率, 小麦

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of green manure and wheat straw co-incorporation on water use efficiency of next season wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which played an critical supporting role in the construction of water use efficient and sustainable production pattern of spring wheat in northwest irrigation region.【Method】In this study, a randomized block design was adopted, with fallowing after wheat harvesting (W) as the control, wheat multiple cropping green manure with no-tillage sowing + green manure and wheat straw co-incorporation (W-NTGS), wheat multiple cropping green manure with no-tillage sowing + green manure incorporation (W-NTG), and wheat multiple cropping green manure shallow plowing for destroying stubble + single returning of green manure to the field (W-TG). The characteristics of water consumption, grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (WUE_i) of wheat were investigated. 【Result】 The soil water storage in 0-50 cm soil layer before wheat sowing was significantly increased by multiple cropping green manure compared under W. The soil water storage in 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, and 30-50 cm soil layers before wheat sowing with W-NTGS was increased by 22.1%, 30.2%, 21.5%, and 11.1% compared with that of W-NTG, and 26.2%, 33.2%, 26.5%, and 16.4% increase compared with that of W-TG, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in soil water storage in 0-110 cm soil layer before wheat sowing between W-NTG and W-TG. Compared with fallow treatment, water consumption, evaporation, and ratio of evaporation to evapotranspiration of wheat decreased by 7.0%-7.1%, 11.7%-20.1%, and 5.2%-15.9%, respectively. The water consumption of wheat with W-NTGS decreased by 6.4% than that of wheat under W-NTG in 2021, and averagely decreased by 6.1% than that of wheat under W-TG in 2020 and 2021. Compared with W-NTG and W-TG, the evaporation of wheat under W-NTGS decreased by 9.7% and 13.6% on average, and the ratio of evaporation to evapotranspiration decreased by 6.2% and 11.3%, respectively. There were no significant differences in water consumption, evaporation, and evapotranspiration ratio between W-NTG and W-TG. Compared with W, the grain yield of wheat multiple cropped with green manure increased by 6.4%-16.8%. Meanwhile, the grain yield of wheat under W-NTGS increased by 6.6% and 9.8% on average compared with W-NTG and W-TG, respectively. However, the grain yield of wheat between with W-NTG and W-TG was not significant difference. Compared with W, the WUE and WUE_i of wheat multiple cropped with green manure increased by 11.9%-30.7% and 6.4%-16.8%, respectively. The WUE of wheat under W-NTGS increased by 10.9% and 16.8%, and the WUE_i increased by 6.6% and 9.8%, respectively compared with W-NTG and W-TG. There were no significant differences in WUE and WUE_i between W-NTG and W-TG.【Conclusion】 The co-incorporation of green manure and wheat straw (W-NTGS) could significantly increase soil water storage in 0-50 cm before wheat sowing, and decrease the ineffective loss of soil water in wheat season, thus reducing the water consumption of wheat and increasing the grain yield, and ultimately significantly improving the farmland and irrigation water use efficiency, which could be used as a recommended technology for water efficient use of wheat multiple cropping with green manure in arid irrigation region.

Key words: green manure, straw incorporation, water consumption characteristics, water use efficiency, wheat

樊志龙, 胡发龙, 殷文, 范虹, 赵财, 于爱忠, 柴强. 干旱灌区春小麦水分利用特征对绿肥与麦秸协同还田的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(5): 838-849.

FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, YIN Wen, FAN Hong, ZHAO Cai, YU AiZhong, CHAI Qiang. Response of Water Use Characteristics of Spring Wheat to Co- Incorporation of Green Manure and Wheat Straw in Arid Irrigation Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(5): 838-849.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.05.003

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2023/V56/I5/838

图/表 9

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试验处理及代码"

处理 Treatment	处理代码 Code of treatment	措施 Measure
麦后免耕播种绿肥+绿肥与麦秸全量还田 Sowing green manure with no-tillage after wheat harvesting+green manure and wheat straw co-incorporation	W-NTGS	小麦收获后，麦秸全量地表覆盖免耕播种绿肥，10月中下旬落霜后将绿肥粉碎与麦秸一起翻压还田 Sowing green manure with no-tillage and wheat straw mulching after wheat harvesting, and smashed green manure co-incorporated with wheat straw after frosting in mid to late October
麦后免耕播种绿肥+绿肥单一还田 Sowing green manure with no-tillage after wheat harvesting+green manure single incorporation	W-NTG	小麦收获时15 cm留茬，其他部分麦秸全部移出农田，免耕播种绿肥，10月中下旬落霜后将绿肥粉碎后翻压还田 The wheat harvested with 15 cm stubble, after that the green manure was sowed with no-tillage and wheat straw removed completely from the farmland after wheat harvesting, and smashed green manure single incorporated after frosting in mid to late October
麦后浅旋灭茬播种绿肥+绿肥单一还田 Sowing green manure with shallow plowing for wheat stubble-breaking after wheat harvesting + green manure single incorporation	W-TG	小麦收获时15 cm留茬，其他部分麦秸全部移出农田，浅旋灭茬（浅旋深度8 cm）后播种绿肥，10月中下旬落霜后将绿肥粉碎后翻压还田 The wheat harvested with 15 cm stubble, after that the green manure was sowed with shallow plowing for wheat stubble-breaking after wheat harvesting, meanwhile the wheat straw has been removed completely from the farmland, and smashed green manure single incorporated after frosting in mid to late October
麦后休闲 Fallowing after wheat harvesting	W	小麦收获时15 cm留茬，其他部分麦秸全部移出农田，小麦收获后夏休闲，在10月中下旬其他处理绿肥翻压还田时进行耕翻 The wheat harvested with 15 cm stubble, and the wheat straw has been removed completely from the farmland with summer fallowing, and was ploughed when other treatments of green manure incorporated into soil in the middle and late October

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