西北灌区复种绿肥及减氮条件下春小麦产量及水分利用特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.11.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对西北灌区春小麦生产中氮肥投入过高、水分利用效率低等问题，探讨复种绿肥及减量施氮对春小麦水分利用特征的影响，以期为优化春小麦生产的水资源高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用裂区设计，主区设麦后复种绿肥毛叶苕子（W-G）和麦后休闲（W）两种种植模式，副区设传统施氮（N3，180 kg·hm^-2）、减施氮肥15%（N2，153 kg·hm^-2）和减施氮肥30%（N1，126 kg·hm^-2）3个施氮水平，于2020—2021年研究复种绿肥及减氮对春小麦产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】麦后复种绿肥结合适量减施氮肥可提高春小麦播前土壤贮水量，W-G较W模式春小麦播前土壤贮水量增加11.5%—13.5%，麦后复种绿肥结合氮肥减施15%（W-GN2）与麦后复种绿肥结合减氮30%（W-GN1）较对照麦后休闲结合传统施氮量（W-N3）春小麦播前土壤贮水量分别提高12.1%—20.2%与15.2%—16.6%，W-GN2与W-GN1处理间无显著差异。W-G较W春小麦耗水量降低12.6%—13.7%，复种绿肥模式中以W-GN2降低春小麦耗水量幅度最大，较麦后休闲结合减氮15%（W-N2）、W-N3分别降低21.8%—25.8%、21.3%—26.3%；W-G通过降低春小麦拔节期至灌浆初期的耗水模系数，增大播种前期至拔节期与灌浆初期至成熟期的耗水模系数（两阶段耗水量占全生育期总耗水量的比例为60.5%—64.1%），有效协调春小麦前后生育时期的水分需求特征，增强了春小麦生长发育过程中水分供需同步性。相比W-GN1、W-GN3，W-GN2处理的调控效应更突出。W-G具有增产优势，较W增产13.5%—14.1%；W-GN2较W-N2与W-N3分别增产16.7%—18.4%与13.6%—14.6%。因而，W-G较W模式提高水分利用效率为29.4%—31.0%，麦后复种绿肥模式中，以W-GN2提高水分利用效率的幅度较大，较W-N2、W-N3分别提高44.2%—46.8%、39.1%—43.5%，较W-GN1、W-GN3分别提高36.2%—50.7%、9.1%—17.0%。【结论】麦后复种绿肥结合减施氮肥15%（即施氮153 kg·hm^-2）较传统水氮管理提高春小麦产量及水分利用效率，可推荐为西北灌区春小麦水分高效利用的生产模式。

关键词: 毛叶苕子, 减量施氮, 春小麦, 产量, 水分利用效率, 西北灌区

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the effects of multiple-cropping green manure and reduced nitrogen (N) application on water use characteristics of spring wheat in northwest irrigated areas, so as to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the efficient use of water resources in spring wheat production.【Method】A split-zone design was adopted, with two cropping patterns of multiple-cropping green manure (W-G) and post-wheat fallow (W) in the main zone, three N fertilizer levels in the sub-plot: conventional N fertilizer application (180 kg·hm^-2, N3), N fertilizer reduction of 15% (N2, 153 kg·hm^-2), and N fertilizer reduction of 30% (N1, 126 kg·hm^-2). The effects of multiple-cropping of green manure and nitrogen reduction on yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of spring wheat were studied from 2020 to 2021.【Result】The multiple-cropping green manure combined with moderate reduction of nitrogen fertilizer increased the pre-sowing soil water storage of spring wheat, and W-G increased the pre-sowing soil water storage of spring wheat by 11.5% to 13.5% compared with W pattern, while the multiple-cropping green manure combined with N reduction of 15% (W-GN2) and multiple-cropping green manure combined with N fertilizer reduction of 30% (W-GN1) increased the pre-sowing soil water storage of spring wheat compared to control post-wheat fallow combined with conventional N fertilizer application (W-N3) by 12.1% to 20.2% and 15.2% to 16.6%, respectively. W-G reduced water consumption of spring wheat by 12.6% to 13.7% compared with W-GN1, and W-GN2 reduced water consumption of spring wheat by 15% compared to W-N2 and W-N3, respectively. W-G effectively harmonized the water demand characteristics of spring wheat before and after the reproductive period by reducing the evapotranspiration modulus coefficient of spring wheat at the early stage of nodulation and filling, and increasing the evapotranspiration modulus coefficient of pre-sowing to jointing and early-filling to maturity (the proportion of water consumption of the two stages to the total water consumption of the whole reproductive period was 60.5% to 64.1%). Finally, the synchronization of water supply and demand during the growth and development of spring wheat was enhanced. W-G had the advantage of yield increase, with 13.5% to 14.1% under W pattern. W-GN2 and W-N3 had yield increases of 16.7% to 18.4% and 13.6% to 14.6% under W-N2 and W-N3, respectively. Thus, W-G improved water use efficiency by 29.4% to 31.0% compared with the W pattern, and among the multiple-cropping green manure, W-GN2 improved water use efficiency by a greater extent than W-N2 and W-N3 by 44.2% to 46.8% and 39.1% to 43.5%, respectively, and W-GN1 and W-GN3 by 36.2% to 50.7% and 9.1% to 17.0%, respectively.【Conclusion】The multiple-cropping green manure combined with 15% N fertilizer reduction (i.e., 153 kg·hm^-2 of N fertilizer) improved spring wheat yield and water use efficiency compared with conventional water and N fertilizer management, and could be recommended as a production technique for efficient water use in spring wheat in dry irrigated areas.

Key words: Vicia villosa roth, reduced nitrogen application, spring wheat, yield, water use efficiency, northwest irrigated areas

张殿凯, 李盼, 范虹, 何蔚, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 孙亚丽, 谭向念, 殷文, 陈桂平. 西北灌区复种绿肥及减氮条件下春小麦产量及水分利用特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(11): 2189-2201.

ZHANG DianKai, LI Pan, FAN Hong, HE Wei, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, SUN YaLi, TAN XiangNian, YIN Wen, CHEN GuiPing. Soil Water Use Characteristics of Spring Wheat with Multiple- Cropping Green Manure and Nitrogen Reduction in Northwest Irrigated Areas[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(11): 2189-2201.

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处理代码 Treatment code	种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N application level	施氮量 N fertilizer rate (kg•hm^-2)
W-N1	春小麦收获后休闲 (W) Fallow after spring wheat harvest	地方传统施氮减量30% Local conventional N amount reduced by 30%	126
W-N2		地方传统施氮减量15% Local conventional N amount reduced by 15%	153
W-N3		地方传统施氮 Local conventional N amount	180
W-GN1	春小麦收获后复种绿肥 (W-G) Multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat harvest	地方传统施氮减量30% Local conventional N amount reduced by 30%	126
W-GN2		地方传统施氮减量15% Local conventional N amount reduced by 15%	153
W-GN3		地方传统施氮 Local conventional N amount	180

种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N application level	2021年春小麦各生育阶段 Each growth stage of spring wheat in 2021																总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm)
		播种期—拔节期 Sowing-jointing					拔节期—孕穗期 Jointing-booting				孕穗期—灌浆初期 Booting-early-filling				灌浆初期—收获期 Early-filling-harvesting			总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm)
		ET (mm)			CP (%)		ET (mm)		CP (%)		ET (mm)		CP (%)		ET (mm)		CP (%)	2021	2020
W	N1	104.0b			23.6c		108.1ab		24.5a		119.3a		27.0a		110.0b		24.9b	441.4a	492.1a
	N2	112.0a			23.7c		120.6a		25.0a		127.0a		26.9a		112.0ab		24.4b	471.6a	457.8a
	N3	119.0a			25.3b		113.4a		24.1ab		117.4a		25.0b		120.0a		25.6b	469.8a	459.7a
W-G	N1	112.0a			25.6ab		102.5b		23.5ab		109.2ab		25.0b		113.0ab		25.9b	436.7ab	470.0a
	N2	101.0b			26.1ab		84.9c		21.9b		93.0b		24.1bc		108.3b		27.9a	387.2b	363.9b
	N3	108.0ab			26.7a		98.6bc		24.4ab		96.0b		23.7c		102.0b		25.2b	404.6b	405.5ab
显著性Significance
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)			NS	*		*		*		*		*		*		*		*	*
施氮水平 N application level (N)			*	*		NS		NS		*		*		NS		NS		NS	NS
种植模式×施氮水平 C×N		*		*		**		*		*		*		*		*		*	*