Magnesium supply is vital for improving fruit yield, fruit quality and magnesium balance in citrus orchards with increasingly acidic soil

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2024.12.025

Journal of Integrative Agriculture

2025, Vol. 24

Issue (9): 3641-3655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.12.025

Agro-ecosystem & Environment

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Magnesium supply is vital for improving fruit yield, fruit quality and magnesium balance in citrus orchards with increasingly acidic soil

Yuheng Wang^{1, 2}, Furong Kang^1,
7, Bo Yu³, Quan Long⁴, Huaye Xiong¹, Jiawei Xie^{1, 2}, Dong Li^{1, 2}, Xiaojun Shi^{1, 2, 5, 6}, Prakash Lakshmanan^{2, 8, 9}, Yueqiang Zhang^{1, 2, 5, 6#}, Fusuo Zhang^{2, 4}

¹College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

²Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

³Sichuan Dan Orange Morden Fruit Industry Co., Ltd., Meishan 620200, China

⁴College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100196, China

⁵State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

⁶National Monitoring Station of Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency on Purple Soils, Chongqing 400716, China

⁷Agricultural Technology Research and Service Center of Changshou District, Chongqing 401220, China

⁸Sugarcane Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China

⁹Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4066, Australia

Highlights
● Mg leaching results in soil Mg imbalance and depletion in citrus orchards.
● Mg fertilization alleviates the soil Mg imbalance in citrus plantation systems.
● Mg leaching accounted for 12.1–42.4% of Mg fertilizer application in a citrus orchard.

Abstract
References

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摘要

镁素（Mg）缺乏正成为亚热带和热带地区酸性土壤柑橘园中柑橘生产的主要限制因素。据推测，土壤中镁素淋洗损失及其养分不平衡可能是产量下降的主要原因。然而，关于土壤中的镁素损失及养分平衡的研究较少。为此，本研究进行了一项为期2年的田间试验，以定量研究中国西南地区典型柑橘园中不同镁肥投入量下土壤中的镁素损失。本研究中共设置四个处理，镁投入量分别为0（Mg₀）、45（Mg₄₅）、90（Mg₉₀）、180（Mg₁₈₀）kg MgO ha^-1 yr^-1。结果表明，与不施镁肥（Mg₀）处理相比，各施镁处理均能显著提高柑橘果实产量其增幅为4.1~16.4%。在Mg0处理中，土壤中镁素的平均淋洗损失量为65.7 kg ha^-1 yr^-1；而在Mg₁₈₀处理中，镁素淋洗量高达91.3 kg Mg ha^-1 yr^-1。平均而言，各施镁处理下镁素的淋洗损失量约占镁肥投入量的12.1~42.4%。因此，不同镁水平处理（Mg₀、Mg₄₅、Mg₉₀和Mg₁₈₀）下的柑橘园土壤镁平衡分别为-69.9、-51.1、-27.4和10.9 kg ha^-1。同时，各处理中的土壤淋洗液pH均呈碱性，淋洗液中钙和钾浓度含量均高于镁。因此，考虑到酸性土壤柑橘园中的镁及其它碱性离子淋洗损失，在湿润的亚热带地区柑橘生产系统中，施用镁肥或含镁土壤改良剂对于维持柑橘园土壤镁平衡、高产和果实品质至关重要。

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is becoming a limiting factor for citrus production in acid soils of subtropical and tropical zones. It is speculated that soil Mg leaching and thereby its imbalance may be a major cause of yield decline, yet Mg deficiency in citrus receives little attention. A two-year field experiment was therefore conducted to quantify soil Mg leaching in a typical citrus orchard in China fertilized with varying levels of Mg (Mg₀, no Mg fertilizer; Mg₄₅, 45 kg MgO ha^–1 yr^–1; Mg₉₀, 90 kg MgO ha^–1 yr^–1; Mg18₀, 180 kg MgO ha^–1 yr^–1). Results showed that Mg application significantly increased citrus fruit yield by 4.1–16.4% compared with where MgO was not added. The average amount of soil Mg leaching was 65.7 kg ha^–1 yr^–1 where no Mg fertilizer was added, while it reached up to 91.3 kg Mg ha^–1 yr^–1 where MgO was added at the rate of 180 kg ha^–1. Over the 4 treatments, Mg leaching accounted for 12.1–42.4% of the applied Mg fertilizer. Mg leaching and its removal through harvested fruits resulted in an orchard soil Mg balance of –69.9, –51.1, –27.4 and 10.9 kg ha^–1 in the Mg_0,Mg_45,Mg₉₀ andMg₁₈₀, treatments, respectively. The pH values of leachate from the acid soil were alkaline and it contained higher amounts of calcium and potassium than that of Mg. Considering the high leaching of Mg from the acid soils of citrus orchards, applications of Mg fertilizer or Mg-fortified soil conditioner are vital to sustain soil Mg balance, high fruit yield and fruit quality in citrus production systems in humid subtropical regions.

Keywords: magnesium leaching soil nutrient balance citrus yield

Received: 20 August 2024 Online: 24 December 2024 Accepted: 24 October 2024

Fund:

This work was supported by the International Magnesium Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172676), the Danling Science & Technology Backyard Project, China (F2024236), the Dalian Xinmei Project, China (MY01-2023-2025-02) and the Sichuan Province Regional Innovation Cooperation Project, China (22QYCX0073).

About author: Yuheng Wang, E-mail: wyh1996@email.swu.edu.cn; #Correspondence Yueqiang Zhang, E-mail: zhangyq82@swu.edu.cn

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Yuheng Wang, Furong Kang, Bo Yu, Quan Long, Huaye Xiong, Jiawei Xie, Dong Li, Xiaojun Shi, Prakash Lakshmanan, Yueqiang Zhang, Fusuo Zhang. 2025. Magnesium supply is vital for improving fruit yield, fruit quality and magnesium balance in citrus orchards with increasingly acidic soil. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 24(9): 3641-3655.

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