Andrade F, Vega C, Uhart S, Cirilo A, Cantarero M, Valentinuz O. 1999. Kernel number determination in maize. Crop Science, 39, 453-459.

Anee T, Nahar K, Rahman A, Mahmud J, Bhuiyan T, Alam M, Fujita M, Hasanuzzaman M. 2019. Oxidative damage and antioxidant defense in Sesamum indicum after different waterlogging durations. Plants, 8, 196.

Ashraf M. 2012. Waterlogging stress in plants: A review. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7, 1976-1981.

Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M. 2003. Lignin biosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 54, 519–546.

Chen Y, Chen X, Wang H, Bao Y, Zhang W. 2014. Examination of the leaf proteome during flooding stress and the induction of programmed cell death in maize. Proteome Science, 12, 33.

Cheng J, Shen Y. 2010. My humble opinions on high photosynthetic efficiency of crop. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 36, 1235-1247. (in Chinese)

Cui A, Zhang J, Zhang H, Shan H, Chen W. 2020. Preliminary exploration on current situation and development of maize production in China. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 22, 10-19.

Cui H, Ji L, Li B, Zhang J, Dong S, Liu P. 2012. Effects of shading on stalks morphology, structure and lodging of summer maize in field. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 45, 3497-3505. (in Chinese)

Cui H, Jin L, Li B, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J. 2014. Effects of shading on endogenous hormones regulation in kernel development of summer maize in the field. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 25, 1373-1379. (in Chinese)

Damatta F, Cunha R, Antunes W, Martins S, Araújo W, Fernie A, Moraes G. 2008. In field-grown coffee trees source-sink manipulation alters photosynthetic rates, independently of carbon metabolism, via alterations in stomatal function. The New Phytologist, 178, 348-357.

Ding L, Wang K, Jiang G, Liu M, Niu S, Gao L. 2005. Post-anthesis changes in photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years. Field Crops Research, 93, 108-115.

Dong H, Li H, Li A, Yan X. 2010. Relationships between spike and stem growth and female spike differentiation under different densities. Maize Science, 18, 65-71, 75. (in Chinese)

Du C, Li C, Liu T, Zhao Y. 2011. Response of anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics to low light stress in leaves of different maize genotypes. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31, 6633-6640. (in Chinese)

Eudes A, Liang Y, Mitra P, Loqué D. 2014. Lignin bioengineering. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 26, 189-198.

Fan P, Li L, Duan W, Li W, Li S. 2010. Photosynthesis of young apple trees in response to low sink demand under different air temperatures. Tree Physiology, 30, 313-325.

Feng G, Liu Z, Wu Y, Li Y, Huang C. 2010. Primary study on correlation between corn variety lodging resistances and its stem puncture-pull strength. Crop Science, 18, 19-23.

Franck N, Vaast P, Génard M, Dauzat J. 2006. Soluble sugars mediate sink feedback down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis in field-grown Coffea arabica. Tree Physiology 26, 517-525 .

Gallo K, Daughtry C, Wiegand C. 1993. Errors in measuring absorbed radiation and computing crop radiation use efficiency. Agronomy Journal, 85, 1222-1228.

Gao J, Cui H, Shi J, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J. 2018. Effects of light intensities after anthesis on the photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure in mesophyll cell of summer maize (Zea mays L.). Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 883-890. (in Chinese)

Gao J, Shi J, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J. 2017. Grain yield and root characteristics of summer maize (Zea mays L.) under shade stress conditions. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 203, 562-573.

Ghosh P. 2004. Growth, yield, competition and economics of groundnut/cerealfodder intercropping systems in the semi-arid tropics of India. Field Crops Research, 88, 227–237.

Hou P, Liu Y, Liu W, Liu G, Xie R, Wang K, Ming B, Wang Y, Zhao R, Zhang W, Wang Y, Bian S, Ren H, Zhao X, Liu P, Chang J, Zhang G, Liu J, Yuan L, Zhao H, et al. 2020. How to increase maize production without extra nitrogen input. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 160, 104913.

Housley T, Peterson D. 1982. Oat stem vascular size in relation to kernel number and weight. I. Controlled environment. Crop Science, 22, 259-263.

Hu J, Ren B, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J. 2021. Poor development of spike differentiation triggered by lower photosynthesis and carbon partitioning reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging. Crop Journal, 10, 478-489.

Hussain S, Iqbal N, Pang, T, Naeem M, Liu W, Yang W. 2019. Weak stem under shade reveals the lignin reduction behavior. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18, 496-505.

IPCC. 2023. AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/. 

Irfan M, Hayat S, Hayat Q, Afroz S, Ahmad A. 2009. Physiological and biochemical changes in plants under waterlogging. Protoplasma, 241, 3-17.

Jia S, Li C, Dong S, Zhang J. 2010. Physiological mechanism of shading stress on photosynthetic efficiency in summer maize (Zea mays). Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 34, 1439-1447. (in Chinese)

Kaur G, Vikal Y, Kaur L, Kalia A, Mittal A, Kaur D, Yadav I S. 2021. Elucidating the morpho-physiological adaptations and molecular responses under long-term waterlogging stress in maize through gene expression analysis. Plant Science, 304, 110823.

Keuskamp D, Sasidharan, Pierik R. 2010. Physiological regulation and functional significance of shade avoidance responses to neighbors. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 5, 655-662.

Koyama K, Ikeda H, Poudel P, Goto-Yamamoto N. 2012. Light quality affects flavonoid biosynthesis in young berries of Cabernet Sauvignon grape. Phytochemistry, 78, 54-64.

Li C, Jia C, Tao Z, Yang J, Liu J, Zhao M. 2019. Effects of waterlogging at jointing stage on grain yield, plant morphology and dry matter production in different plant height of summer maize. Maize Science, 27, 62-67. (in Chinese)

Li X, Yang Y, Yao J, Chen G, Li X, Zhang Q, Wu C. 2009. FLEXIBLE CULM 1 encoding a cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase controls culm mechanical strength in rice. Plant Molecular Biology, 69, 685-697.

Liang X, Gao Z, Zhang L, Shen S, Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhou L, Pual M, Zhou S. 2019. Seasonal and diurnal patterns of non-structural carbohydrates in source and sink tissues in field maize. BMC Plant Biology, 19, 508.

Liu S, Xing J, Zhao B, Wang J, Wang S, Zhang X, Ding A. 2019a. Understanding of aerosol–climate interactions in China: Aerosol impacts on solar radiation, temperature, cloud, and precipitation and its changes under future climate and emission scenarios. Current Pollution Reports, 5, 36-51.

Liu W, Hussain S, Liu T, Zou J, Ren M, Zhou T, Liu J, Yang F, Yang W. 2019b. Shade stress decreases stem strength of soybean through restraining lignin biosynthesis. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18, 43-53.

Liu X, Gu W, Li C, Li J, Wei S. 2021. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and chemical regulation on spring maize lodging characteristics, grain filling and yield formation under high planting density in Heilongjiang Province, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20, 511–526.

Liu X, Yong T, Su B, Liu W, Zhou L, Song C, Yang F, Wang X, Yang W. 2014. Effect of reduced N application on crop yield in maize-soybean intercropping system. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 40, 1629-1638. (in Chinese)

Martín M, Russell W. 1984. Correlated responses of yield and other agronomic traits to recurrent selection for stalk quality in a maize synthetic. Crop Science, 24, 746-750.

Mason T, Maskell E. 1928. Studies on the transport of carbohydrates in the cotton plantii. the factors determining the rate and the direction of movement of sugars. Annals of Botany, 42, 571-636.

Moreira-Vilar F, Siqueira-Soares R, Finger-Teixeira A, Oliveira D, Ferro A, Rocha G, Ferrarese M, dos Santos W D, Ferrarese-Filho O. 2014. The acetyl bromide method is faster, simpler and presents best recovery of lignin in different herbaceous tissues than klason and thioglycolic acid methods. PLoS ONE, 9, e110000.

Najeeb U, Bange M, Atwell B, Tan D. 2016. Low incident light combined with partial waterlogging impairs photosynthesis and imposes a yield penalty in cotton. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 202, 331-341.

Nguyen N, Son S, Jordan M, Levin D, Ayele B. 2016. Lignin biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Its response to waterlogging and association with hormonal levels. BMC Plant Biology, 16, 28.

Pan J, Sharif R, Xu X, Chen X. 2021. Mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in plants: Research progress and prospects. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 627331.

Pan Y, Lu Z, Lu J, Li X, Cong R, Ren T. 2017. Effects of low sink demand on leaf photosynthesis under potassium deficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 113, 110-121.

Rahayuningsih S, Indradewa D, Sulistyaningsih E, Maas A. 2017. The tolerance of photosynthesis of summer maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) to waterlogging at different stages of growth. International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, 7, 1296-1301.

Ren B, Hu J, Zhang J, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B. 2020. Effects of urea mixed with nitrapyrin on leaf photosynthetic and senescence characteristics of summer maize (Zea mays L.) waterlogged in the field. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 19, 1586–1595.

Ren B, Zhang J, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B. 2018. Responses of carbon metabolism and antioxidant system of summer maize to waterlogging at different stages. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 204, 505-514.

Ren B, Zhang J, Li X, Fan X, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B. 2013. Effects of waterlogging on stem lodging resistance of summer maize under field conditions. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 46, 2440-2448. (in Chinese)

Ren B, Zhang J, Li X, Fan X, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B. 2014. Effects of waterlogging on the yield and growth of summer maize under field conditions. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 94, 23–31.

Rogers L, Dubos C, Cullis I, Surman C, Poole M, Willment J, Mansfield S, Campbell M. 2005. Light, the circadian clock, and sugar perception in the control of lignin biosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56, 1651-1663.

Sekhon R, Joyner C, Ackerman A, McMahan C, Cook D, Robertson D. 2020. Stalk bending strength is strongly associated with maize stalk lodging incidence across multiple environments. Field Crops Research, 249, 107737.

Setter T, Waters I, Sharma S, Singh K, Kulshreshtha N, Yaduvanshi N, Ram P, Singh B, Rane J, McDonald G, Khabaz-Saberi H, Biddulph T, Wilson R, Barclay I, McLean R, Cakir M. 2009. Review of wheat improvement for waterlogging tolerance in Australia and India: The importance of anaerobiosis and element toxicities associated with different soils. Annals of Botany, 103, 221-235.

Shabala S. 2011. Physiological and cellular aspects of phytotoxicity tolerance in plants: The role of membrane transporters and implications for crop breeding for waterlogging tolerance. The New Phytologist, 190, 289-298.

Shi Q, Kong F, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Heng S, Liang R, Liu J, Lu X, Li P, Li G. 2018. Molecular mechanisms governing shade responses in maize. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 516, 112-119.

Sowiński P. 1999. Transport of photoassimilates in plants under unfavourable environmental conditions. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 21, 75-85.

Tian L, Bi W, Ren X, Li W, Sun L, Li J. 2020. Flooding has more adverse effects on the stem structure and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.) than waterlogging in Northeast China. European Journal of Agronomy, 117, 126054.

Tian L, Zhang Y, Chen P, Zhang F, Li J, Yan F, Dong Y, Feng B. 2021. How does the waterlogging regime affect crop yield? a global meta-analysis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 634898.

Vanholme R, Storme V, Vanholme B, Sundin L, Christensen J, Goeminne G, Halpin C, Rohde A, Morreel K, Boerjan W. 2012. A systems biology view of responses to lignin biosynthesis perturbations in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 24, 3506-3529.

Wang C, Ruan R, Yuan X, Hu D, Yang H, Li Y, Yi Z. 2014. Relationship between lignin metabolism and lodging resistance of culm in buckwheat. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 6, 29.

Wang Q, Zhao X, Liu D, Yan Z, Li H, Dong P, Li C. 2020. Root morphological, physiological traits and yield of maize under waterlogging and low light stress. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 53, 3479-3495. (in Chinese)

Wu H, Qiao M, Zhang W, Wang K, Li S, Jiang C. 2022. Systemic regulation of photosynthetic function in maize plants at graining stage under a vertically heterogeneous light environment. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21, 666–676.

Wu L, Zhang W, Ding Y, Zhang J, Cambula E, Weng F, Liu Z, Ding C, Tang S, Chen L, Wang S, Li G. 2017. Shading contributes to the reduction of stem mechanical strength by decreasing cell wall synthesis in japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 881.

Xu C, Zhang P, Wang Y, Luo N, Tian B, Liu X, Wang P, Huang S. 2022. Grain yield and grain moisture associations with leaf, stem and root characteristics in maize. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21, 1941–1951.

Xu H, Wang Z, Xiao F, Yang L, Li G, Ding Y, Paul M J, Li W, Liu Z. 2020. Dynamics of dry matter accumulation in internodes indicates source and sink relations during grain-filling stage of japonica rice. Field Crops Research, 263, 108009.

Xue J, Gao S, Fan Y, Li L, Ming B, Wang K, Xie R, Hou P, Li S. 2020. Traits of plant morphology, stalk mechanical strength, and biomass accumulation in the selection of lodging-resistant maize cultivars. European Journal of Agronomy, 117, 126073.

Zandalinas S, Balfagón D, Gómez-Cádenas A, Mittler R. 2022. Responses of plants to climate change: Metabolic changes during abiotic stress combination in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 73, 3339-3354

Zhang B, Zhao M, Dong Z, Li J, Chen C, Sun R. 2007a. Establishment and test of LAI dynamic Simulation model for high yield population. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 4, 612-619. (in Chinese)

Zhang J, Dong S, Wang K, Hu C, Liu P. 2007b. Effects of shading in field on photosynthetic characteristics in summer corn. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 33, 216-222. (in Chinese)

Zhang J, Li G, Song Y, Liu Z, Yang C, Tang S, Zheng C, Wang S, Ding Y. 2014. Lodging resistance characteristics of high-yielding rice populations. Field Crops Research, 161, 64-74.

Zhang W, Fu X, Peng L, Ling L, Cao L, Ma X, Xie F, Li C. 2013. Effects of sink demand and nutrient status on leaf photosynthesis of spring-cycle shoot in ‘Newhall’ navel orange under natural field conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 80-85.

Zhao J, Wang S, Li M, Lu H, Wang D, Wei X, Yang W. 2018. Current status and perspective of maize breeding. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 19, 435-446. (in Chinese)

Zhou W, Wang X, Mu X, Li C. 2013. Effects of low-light stress on male and female flower development and pollin-ation and fructification ability of different maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 39, 2065-2073. (in Chinese)

Zuber M, Grogan C. 1961. A new technique for measuring stalk strength in corn. Crop Science, 1, 378-380.