Methylation dynamics modified by GhDMT9, playing an vital role in drought response of cotton

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.02.011

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Methylation dynamics modified by GhDMT9, playing an vital role in drought response of cotton

Xuke Lu¹^*, Junjuan Wang¹^*, Shuai Wang¹^*, Xiugui Chen¹^*, Delong Wang¹, Zujun Yin¹, Lanjie Zhao¹, Lixue Guo¹, Waqar Afzal Malik¹, Maohua Dai²^#, Wuwei Ye¹^#

¹Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization/Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University/National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Anyang 455000, China

² Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crops Drought Resistance, Hengshui 053000, China

Highlights

Firstly and successfully created ghdmt9 mutant using CRISPR/Cas 9 system in cotton.

Systematically and comprehensively interpreted DNA methylation alterations between wild type (WT) and ghdmt9 mutant.

Transcription factor lsh was identified to interact with methyltransferase GhDMT9 by ChIP-seq method.

Abstract
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摘要

DNA甲基化是一种稳定的表观遗传修饰，在植物抗旱响应中具有重要作用。众所周知，甲基转移酶突变体材料对于研究甲基化变异是必要的，利用甲基转移酶突变体来研究棉花响应干旱胁迫的表观分子机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在解析由甲基转移酶基因GhDMT9调控棉花响应抗旱胁迫的表观遗传编码，为棉花抗旱性的分子机制研究提供有价值的参考信息。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功创制了首个棉花甲基转移酶突变体ghdmt9，并基于该突变体通过全基因组重亚硫酸盐测序（WGBS）和转录组分析进行了甲基化变异分析。此外，制备了甲基转移酶GhDMT9的特异性抗体，并用于染色质免疫沉淀（ChIP-seq）分析。结果表明，在干旱胁迫下，ghdmt9突变体解释了约2.06%的甲基化位点变异。去甲基化变异主要来源于CHG和CHH序列，且与干旱响应密切相关。无论在正常生长阶段还是干旱胁迫条件下，由去甲基化变异诱导的上调基因数量明显多于下调基因，尤其是调控脂质及类脂分子以及激素相关基因。此外，ghdmt9突变体的纤维品质显著优于野生型（WT）。有趣的是，通过ChIP-seq分析发现转录因子lsh （组蛋白赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶）可与甲基转移酶基因GhDMT9互作，激活其对靶基因区域的甲基化调控功能。总体而言，本研究结果拓展了对甲基转移酶GhDMT9调控棉花干旱响应机制的理解，并为进一步研究棉花响应其它非生物胁迫的表观分子机制提供参考。

Abstract

DNA methylation is a stable epigenetic modification with essential roles in plant drought response. It is known that methyltransferase mutant is necessary for the regulation of methylation variations, but this epigenetic molecular mechanism based on methyltransferase mutant in responding to drought stress was still unclear in cotton. In this study, we aim to decipher the epigenetic code of drought response regulated by methyltransferase gene GhDMT9 in cotton, providing valuable information for the molecular research of drought resistance in cotton. We successfully created the first cotton methyltransferase mutant ghdmt9 using CRISPR/Cas9 method and performed methylation variations analysis with whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and transcriptome analysis based on ghdmt9 mutant. In addition, specific antibody of methyltransferase GhDMT9 was prepared and used for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) analysis. The results indicated that ghdmt9 mutant interpreted approximately 2.06% methylation variations under drought stress. Demethylation variations, mainly derived from the CHG and CHH contexts, were closely correlated with drought response. Whether at normal growth stage or under drought stress, the number of up-regulated genes induced by demethylation variations was apparently higher than the number of down-regulated genes, especially genes regulating lipids and lipid-like molecules and hormone-related genes. In addition, fiber quality of ghdmt9 mutant was obviously better than that of wild type (WT). Interestingly, a transcription factor lsh (lysine-specific histone) was found to interact with methyltransferase gene GhDMT9 to activate its hyper-methylation function of target genomic regions by ChIP-seq analysis. Overall, our results extend our understanding of the epigenetic regulation of methyltransferase GhDMT9 in drought response and contribute to further investigations of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying abiotic stresses in cotton.

Keywords: methylation variations methyltransferase GhDMT9 CRISPR/Cas9 drought stress regulation mechanism cotton

Online: 05 February 2026

Fund:

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (252300421434), the National Key R&D Program of China (2025YFE0105100), the Science and Technology Innovation Special Project of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (2025KJCXZX-HXJS-8), the Doctoral fund project of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, the Biological Agriculture Joint Fund of Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation Project (C2023301042), Agricultural key core technology project of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (NYHXGG2023AA311-1), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32001460), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-15). We are also grateful for the funding of Xinjiang group project “Biological Improvement of Saline-Alkali Land”.

About author: #Correspondence Wuwei Ye, E-mail: yew158@163.com; Maohua Dai, E-mail: daimaohua@sina.com *These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Xuke Lu, Junjuan Wang, Shuai Wang, Xiugui Chen, Delong Wang, Zujun Yin, Lanjie Zhao, Lixue Guo, Waqar Afzal Malik, Maohua Dai, Wuwei Ye. 2026. Methylation dynamics modified by GhDMT9, playing an vital role in drought response of cotton. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.02.011

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