Wheat plant architecture modulates radiation use efficiency under regional low-light conditions

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.02.001

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Tingting Zhu, Zhenyu Liang, Dahai He, Jiabo Chen, Xiulan Huang, Hongkun Yang^#, Gaoqiong Fan^#

College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China

Highlights

Flag leaf drooping and inversion reduces the stomatal area, substantially suppressing the photosynthetic rate.

Overcoming the photosynthetic constraints associated with thin leaves (which typically exhibit low chlorophyll content) requires efficient CO₂ exchange capacity, high carbon fixation ability, and elevated Rubisco affinity for CO₂.

Light interception is the primary driver of RUE and yield, compared to photosynthetic capacity and assimilate utilization.

Abstract
References

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摘要

提高光能利用效率对增加小麦产量至关重要，然而在弱光条件下，植株株型性状对光能利用效率的影响尚不明确。本研究评估了弱光条件下小麦株型性状对光能利用效率的影响。选取了四个冠层结构迥异的小麦品种：CM88（旗叶直立内卷、多穗型）、SM1963（旗叶半直立、多穗型）、SM1868（旗叶半直立、小穗型）和SM830（旗叶披垂、大穗型）。通过光能截获、光合能力和同化物利用三个过程，综合评价了其对光能利用效率的影响。冠层光分布均匀性依次降低：CM88 > SM1963 和 SM1868 > SM830。相反，中下层光能截获率以SM1963最高，其次为CM88和SM1868，SM830最低。CM88的气孔面积、气孔导度和净光合速率最高，表现出最强的光合能力；SM1963和SM1868的气孔导度与净光合速率居中（光合能力中等）；而SM830的光合能力最弱。在调控同化物利用的关键过程方面，即磷酸蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖合成酶活性峰值及相应的籽粒灌浆速率，SM1963和SM830表现最优，CM88居中，SM1868最低。综合各过程，CM88和SM1963实现了最高的整体光能利用效率。这一优异表现源于两者不同的优势组合：CM88在光能截获和光合能力上突出，同化物利用能力中等；而SM1963在光能截获和同化物利用上表现优异，光合能力中等。重要的是，光能截获对光能利用效率和产量的贡献最大，显著超过光合能力和同化物利用的贡献，具体占比分别为51.4%和74.2%。正是由于各过程之间协调平衡，无明显瓶颈，CM88和SM1963才实现了最高的光能利用效率和产量。综上所述，在弱光条件下，实现高光能利用效率的优化小麦株型应兼具直立或半直立旗叶（以优化光能截获）和高穗密度（以确保强大的库容能力）。

Abstract

Improving radiation use efficiency (RUE) is critical for increasing wheat yield; however, the influence of plant architectural traits on RUE under low-light conditions is poorly understood. In this study, the effects of the architectural traits of wheat plants on RUE under low-light conditions were assessed. Four wheat varieties with distinct canopy architectures were examined: CM88 (erect and involute flag leaves, high spike density), SM1963 (semierect flag leaves, high spike density), SM1868 (drooping flag leaves, small spike size), and SM830 (prostrate flag leaves, large spike size). Their influence on RUE was evaluated via processes of light interception, photosynthetic capacity, and assimilate utilization. The canopy light distribution uniformity decreased progressively: CM88>SM1963 and SM1868>SM830. In contrast, the radiation interception rate in the middle and lower layers was highest in SM1963, followed by CM88/SM1868, and then SM830. CM88 exhibited the highest stomatal area, stomatal conductance (g_s), and net photosynthetic rate (P_n), indicating superior photosynthetic capacity. SM1963 and SM1868 showed intermediate g_s and P_n (moderate photosynthetic capacity), while SM830 exhibited the lowest g_s and P_n (weakest photosynthetic capacity). The key processes governing assimilate utilization—peak activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase, and the consequent grain filling rate—were highest in SM1963 and SM830. CM88 displayed intermediate levels for these parameters, whereas SM1868 showed the lowest level. Integrating these processes, CM88 and SM1963 achieved the highest overall RUE. This high performance was driven by divergent strengths: CM88 excelled in light interception and photosynthetic capacity with moderate assimilate utilization performance, whereas SM1963 exhibited superior interception and assimilate utilization with moderate photosynthetic capacity. Importantly, light interception contributed the largest share to both RUE and yield, significantly exceeding the contributions from photosynthetic capacity and assimilate utilization, with specific proportions of 51.4 and 74.2%, respectively. This well-coordinated balance among processes, free of any major bottleneck, enabled CM88 and SM1963 to achieve the highest RUE and yield. In conclusion, under low-light conditions, an optimal wheat architecture for high RUE combines erect or semi-erect flag leaves (to optimize light interception) with high spike density (to ensure strong sink capacity).

Keywords: plant architectural traits canopy light distribution photosynthetic rate stomatal area assimilate utilization radiation use efficiency

Online: 05 February 2026

Fund:

We are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U24A20401), the Science and Technology Major Project of Sichuan Province, China (2022ZDZX0014) and the Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province, China (2021YFYZ0002).

About author: #Correspondence Hongkun Yang, E-mail: yhk159357@163.com; Gaoqiong Fan, E-mail: fangao20056@126.com

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Tingting Zhu, Zhenyu Liang, Dahai He, Jiabo Chen, Xiulan Huang, Hongkun Yang, Gaoqiong Fan. 2026. Wheat plant architecture modulates radiation use efficiency under regional low-light conditions. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.02.001

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