Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (4): 834-849.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.04.010

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Organic Materials on Soil Microbial Biomass and Its Acidity Regulation Mechanism

WEN YuBin1,2(), BAI ShanShan1,2, CAI ZeJiang3(), SUN Nan3, XU MingGang1,2()   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
    2 Institute of Eco-Environment and Industrial Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University/Soil Health Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031
    3 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2025-04-08 Online:2026-02-10 Published:2026-02-10
  • Contact: CAI ZeJiang, XU MingGang

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Abstract:

【Objective】This study explored the effects of the application of organic materials on soil pH, microbial biomass and microbial entropy, so as to provide a scientific basis for the improvement of arable land quality.【Method】Based on the meta-analysis, 1 296 sets of data from 224 literatures around the world were integrated to comprehensively analyze the differences in soil pH, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), microbial entropy carbon (qMBC), and nitrogen (qMBN) under the conditions of organic material application measures (type, application amount, and application years), climate factors (annual average temperature, precipitation), and initial soil properties (pH value, organic carbon content).【Result】After the application of organic materials, the soil pH value increased significantly by 0.23 units, increased by 4.0%, while MBC, MBN, qMBC and qMBN increased by 46.8%, 54.0%, 16.4% and 14.9%, respectively. Compared with chemical fertilizer, soil pH, MBC, MBN, qMBC and qMBN increased by 5.9%, 53.4%, 13.2%, 79.9% and 38.2%, respectively. The effect of increasing soil pH was the best when the amount of manure application was more than 10 t∙hm-2∙a-1 and the application period exceeded 10 years; however, the soil microbial biomass index could be significantly improved when the amount of fertilizer was more than 40 t∙hm-2∙a-1 and the application period was 3-10 years. Under the climate conditions of annual average temperature >16 ℃ and annual precipitation >1 200 mm, the effect of applying organic materials on improving soil pH was better, especially in soils with initial soil pH value of 4.5-5.5 and organic carbon content (SOC) >12 g∙kg-1; however, under the climate conditions of 8-16 ℃ annual average temperature and annual precipitation <600 mm, the application of organic materials had better effect on the improvement of MBC, MBN, qMBC and qMBN in weakly alkaline soil (pH>7.5) with SOC≤12 g∙kg-1. The random forest model showed that the effects of applying organic materials on soil pH, MBC, MBN and microbial entropy were affected by soil initial pH and SOC, application measures of organic materials and climate conditions, respectively. The partial least squares path model further proved that the application measures of organic materials, climate conditions and initial soil properties affect microbial biomass and microbial entropy by adjusting pH value.【Co nclusion】Organic materials most effectively elevated soil pH in acidic with high-SOC soils (pH≤5.5, SOC>12 g∙kg-1), which enhanced microbial biomass and microbial quotients in alkaline with low-SOC soils (pH>7.5, SOC≤12 g∙kg-1). The regulation of soil pH, microbial carbon and nitrogen, and microbial quotients was primarily controlled by initial soil properties, organic material application measures, and climatic conditions.

Key words: organic materials, soil pH, soil microbial biomass, soil microbial quotient, meta-analysis

Fig. 1

Response ratio distribution of soil pH (a), soil microbial biomass carbon (b), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (c), microbial quotient carbon (d) and microbial quotient nitrogen (e) M and SE represent the average value and standard error of the change response ratio, respectively"

Fig. 2

The total effect of organic material application on soil pH (a) and the effect of organic material application on soil pH under different application methods (b), and soil properties and climatic conditions (c) The values in brackets in Fig.a are the improvement range of each index and the number of samples after the application of organic materials. In Fig.b and Fig.c, the value in brackets is the sample size of each indicator, and the dotted line indicates that the effect value is 0. Red circles represent positive effects, blue circles represent negative effects, and white circles represent insignificant effects. The same as below"

Fig. 3

The total effect of organic material application on soil microbial biomass carbon (a) and the effect of organic material application on soil microbial biomass carbon under different application methods (b), and soil properties and climatic conditions (c)"

Fig. 4

The total effect of organic material application on soil microbial quotient carbon (a) and the effect of organic material application on soil microbial quotient carbon under different application methods (b), and soil properties and climatic conditions (c)"

Fig. 5

The total effect of organic material application on soil microbial biomass nitrogen (a) and the effect of organic material application on soil microbial biomass nitrogen under different application methods (b), and soil properties and climatic conditions (c)"

Fig. 6

The total effect of organic material application on soil microbial quotient nitrogen (a) and the effect of organic material application on soil microbial quotient nitrogen under different application methods (b), and soil properties and climatic conditions (c)"

Fig. 7

Contribution rate of various influencing factors to soil pH (a), MBC (b), MBN (d), qMBC(c) and qMBN(e) after application of organic materials R2 indicates the proportion of variance explained by the model in the total variance, while * and ** indicate that the correlation reaches 0.05 and 0.01 significant levels, respectively"

Fig. 8

The partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) is used to investigate the effects of various factors on soil pH, microbial biomass (a), and microbial quotient (b) The model discussed the effects of organic materials, climate, management measures, and initial soil properties on soil pH, soil microbial biomass and soil microbial quotient, as well as the path of soil pH effect on microbial effect. The red line and blue line respectively indicate the positive and negative significant relationship, and the gray dotted line indicates that the relationship is not significant; the thickness of the line indicates the strength of causality, supplemented by standardized path coefficient. GOF represents the goodness of fit of the whole model. *: P<0.05；**: P<0.01；***: P<0.001"

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