不同施肥模式下轮作制度引起的土壤磷素有效性变化及其影响因素

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.01.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to provide a scientific basis for the efficient utilization of phosphorus in farmland, the effects of different rotation systems on the availability of soil phosphorus were explored to evaluate the potential of soil phosphorus activation in different crop rotation systems. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted at Rugao Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province from 2018 to 2020. Four paddy-upland rotation systems in the experiment included rice-wheat (R-W), rice-oilseed rape (R-O), rice-cabbage (R-C), and rice-fallow (R-F) rotation. Three fertilization treatments under each rotation system were applied, including no fertilization treatment (CK), no phosphate treatment (NK), and NPK fertilization treatment (NPK). The variation patterns and main influencing factors of soil phosphorus balance and availability under different paddy and upland rotation systems were clarified by analyzing the phosphorus uptake by aboveground crops, soil phosphorus fraction contents, soil microbial biomass and soil alkaline phosphatase activity under different phosphorus application conditions in dry season and rice season maturity. 【Result】 The severe imbalance of soil phosphorus under NK treatment resulted in differences in the supplement of soil available phosphorus in different rotation systems. Under NK treatment, R-O rotation could maintain a higher phosphorus output and promote the replenishment of soil available phosphorus. Specifically, the relative content of soil labile phosphorus in R-O rotation in dry season under NK treatment was 5.7%-7.3% lower than that in other rotations, and the relative content of soil moderately labile phosphorus and stable phosphorus were 4.2%-6.4% and 0.9%-1.9% higher than that in other rotations, respectively. However, the relative content of soil moderately labile phosphorus in R-O rotations under NK treatment in rice season was 0.5%-3.0% higher than that under other rotations, and the soil labile phosphorus and stable phosphorus were 0-1.5% and 0.2%-2.3% lower than that under other rotations, respectively. Under NK treatment, the soil microbial biomass C/P ratios of R-O rotation was relatively small in both dry season and rice season, and it was significantly lower than that under R-W rotation in rice season. The soil microbial biomass N/P ratios also had a similar trend. But the soil alkaline phosphatase activity of R-O rotation maintained a high level in both dry season and rice season. The path analysis model showed that the phosphorus accumulation (-0.53) and the soil alkaline phosphatase (-0.51) had the most contribution to the soil available phosphorus in dry season and rice season, respectively. 【Conclusion】 When the soil phosphorus was relatively imbalance, the rice-oilseed rape rotation released more alkaline phosphatase in dry season and regulated the soil microbial biomass C/P ratio in rice season, which was conducive to promoting the activation of the non-labile phosphorus by microorganisms to supplement the labile phosphorus, so as to ensure the relative stable of soil available phosphorus content without affecting phosphorus output.

Key words: rotation system, fertilization strategies, phosphorus availability, phosphorus fractions, microbial biomass, microbial biomass stoichiometric ratio

LI ShuaiShuai, GUO JunJie, LIU WenBo, HAN ChunLong, JIA HaiFei, LING Ning, GUO ShiWei. Influence of Typical Rotation Systems on Soil Phosphorus Availability Under Different Fertilization Strategies[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(1): 96-110.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Soil phosphorus contents and availability under different rotation systems"

施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	轮作体系 Rotation system	2019年旱季 Dry season in 2019			2019年稻季 Rice season in 2019			2020年旱季 Dry season in 2020			2020年稻季 Rice season in 2020
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	轮作体系 Rotation system	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	磷活化系数 PAC(%)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	磷活化系数 PAC (%)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	磷活化系数 PAC (%)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	磷活化系数 PAC (%)
CK	R-W	1.09±0.06a	51.7±4.6a	4.7±0.4ab	0.89±0.06a	39.8±3.3a	4.5±0.6a	0.87±0.02a	46.8±6.4a	5.4±0.6a	0.93±0.20ab	46.1±7.9a	5.0±0.4a
	R-O	0.92±0.05b	37.0±3.7b	4.0±0.3b	0.91±0.04a	28.7±1.9b	3.2±0.1b	0.86±0.17a	38.7±4.6a	4.6±0.5a	0.85±0.09b	34.8±3.7a	4.1±0.8a
	R-C	1.00±0.07ab	52.8±7.2a	5.3±0.6a	0.91±0.06a	35.8±5.0ab	4.0±0.8ab	0.92±0.03a	46.3±8.5a	5.1±1.1a	1.07±0.02a	44.2±8.8a	4.1±0.8a
	R-F	1.08±0.07a	54.1±13.8a	5.0±0.8ab	0.93±0.12a	35.7±9.3ab	3.8±0.5ab	0.88±0.10a	42.4±8.3a	4.8±0.7a	0.97±0.10ab	44.7±8.4a	4.6±0.5a
NK	R-W	1.02±0.07a	56.6±3.6a	5.6±0.4a	0.93±0.11a	43.3±0.8a	4.7±0.6a	0.74±0.13a	41.1±5.1a	5.6±0.4a	0.90±0.14a	39.0±3.7a	4.5±1.2a
	R-O	0.92±0.01a	41.3±10.0b	4.7±0.9a	0.97±0.03a	44.2±3.0a	4.6±0.5a	0.75±0.14a	28.6±3.3b	4.0±1.2a	0.81±0.10a	33.5±3.9a	4.1±0.6a
	R-C	1.02±0.07a	57.1±9.2a	5.6±0.6a	1.05±0.05a	51.6±9.1a	4.9±0.7a	0.86±0.09a	42.5±7.8a	4.9±0.8a	0.84±0.11a	46.1±12.4a	5.4±0.9a
	R-F	1.01±0.06a	60.2±6.7a	6.0±0.8a	1.05±0.08a	47.4±4.3a	4.5±0.1a	0.85±0.22a	39.4±2.8a	4.9±1.8a	0.96±0.10a	39.0±4.4a	4.1±0.9a
NPK	R-W	1.02±0.07a	56.3±1.2ab	5.5±0.3ab	0.95±0.03a	57.1±5.7a	6.0±0.7a	0.81±0.12a	43.4±5.5a	5.4±0.5a	0.77±0.13a	45.3±1.8a	6.0±1.2a
	R-O	0.95±0.07a	50.1±6.8b	5.3±0.6b	0.97±0.02a	51.4±7.2a	5.0±0.5a	0.85±0.11a	33.4±8.1a	4.0±1.5a	0.84±0.03a	38.8±3.2a	4.6±0.2a
	R-C	1.04±0.09a	65.4±10.0a	6.3±0.6a	0.99±0.11a	58.0±11.8a	5.8±0.5a	0.87±0.09a	42.2±12.6a	4.9±1.6a	0.86±0.22a	43.8±14.0a	5.1±0.8a
	R-F	1.05±0.04a	58.6±7.0ab	5.6±0.5ab	0.98±0.07a	50.1±11.1a	5.1±1.0a	0.91±0.04a	44.3±6.0a	4.8±0.7a	0.78±0.08a	47.1±4.6a	6.1±0.9a
轮作 Rotation		6.9**	8.3**	1.9ns	1.5ns	1.6ns	3.7*	1.1ns	4.3*	2.2ns	0.9ns	2.9ns	1.8ns
施肥 Fertilization		1.1ns	3.6*	5.7**	4.4*	22.0***	24.1***	1.6ns	1.9ns	0.07ns	3.9*	1.1ns	5.1*
轮作×施肥 Rotation × Fertilization		0.6ns	0.5ns	0.9ns	0.4ns	0.6ns	0.7ns	0.2ns	0.3ns	0.1ns	0.9ns	0.4ns	1.4ns

Table 2

Fig. 2

Table 3

Percentage of different phosphorus fraction contents"

时期 Season		施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	轮作制度 Rotation system	不同活性磷组分 Different active phosphorus fraction			不同形态磷组分 Different forms phosphorus fraction
时期 Season		施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	轮作制度 Rotation system	活性磷 Labile P (%)	中等活性磷 Moderately labile P (%)	稳定性磷 Stable P (%)	有机磷 Organic P (%)	无机磷 Inorganic P (%)	残余态磷 Residual P (%)
2019年旱季 Dry season in 2019		CK	R-W	15.9±1.1b	65.5±1.7a	18.6±1.7b	10.4±1.3a	77.7±2.8a	12.0±2.0ab
			R-O	13.0±1.0c	63.6±2.0a	23.3±2.5a	10.0±1.0a	75.4±2.8a	14.5±2.0a
			R-C	13.3±1.5c	63.0±3.9a	23.7±3.1a	9.7±1.5a	76.0±4.0a	14.3±2.6a
			R-F	19.4±0.7a	63.2±2.0a	17.4±1.4b	11.4±0.6a	79.2±1.1a	9.3±0.8b
		NK	R-W	16.8±3.2a	66.5±3.6b	16.7±1.1a	7.4±2.6a	83.4±2.6a	9.3±1.0a
			R-O	9.5±1.2b	72.9±1.7a	17.6±0.5a	6.5±0.5a	84.9±0.5a	8.7±0.2a
			R-C	15.6±2.2a	68.7±4.3ab	15.7±2.9a	6.1±2.2a	84.9±2.9a	9.0±3.5a
			R-F	15.2±1.4a	66.8±3.0ab	18.0±1.7a	6.6±0.3a	82.6±1.6a	10.9±1.8a
		NPK	R-W	15.2±0.9ab	69.5±1.8a	15.4±1.9ab	7.1±0.5ab	85.1±1.5ab	7.8±1.0a
			R-O	11.6±1.4b	68.8±2.2a	19.6±3.6a	8.8±0.8a	80.3±3.6b	10.9±3.3a
			R-C	18.3±3.8a	68.0±7.0a	13.7±3.3b	4.0±0.8c	88.6±4.6a	7.3±3.9a
			R-F	13.1±2.2b	72.1±1.1a	14.9±1.5ab	6.1±1.4b	86.7±2.1a	7.2±1.3a
轮作Rotation				12.0***	0.5ns	4.4*	3.6*	2.1ns	1.6ns
施肥 Fertilization				1.1ns	10.9***	14.8***	33.4***	29.7***	11.4***
轮作×施肥 Rotation × Fertilization				5.0**	1.6ns	3.0*	2.4ns	2.3ns	2.1ns
2019年稻季 Rice season in 2019	CK		R-W	15.8±0.1a	69.3±0.4a	14.9±0.6a	7.6±0.7b	85.4±0.6a	6.9±0.5a
			R-O	12.3±2.4a	71.2±3.4a	16.5±1.4a	10.2±1.4a	81.7±2.4c	8.1±1.3a
			R-C	14.9±3.1a	68.8±2.2a	16.3±1.4a	9.5±0.8a	82.4±0.5bc	8.1±1.1a
			R-F	15.1±2.1a	68.7±1.6a	16.2±1.3a	7.8±0.1b	84.7±0.8ab	7.5±0.6a
	NK		R-W	15.0±3.0a	68.7±1.5a	16.4±2.1a	5.4±0.5ab	86.6±1.4a	8.0±1.1a
			R-O	13.4±2.3a	71.6±0.9a	14.9±1.5a	5.9±0.1a	86.6±1.4a	7.4±1.3a
			R-C	13.7±1.0a	71.1±3.8a	15.2±3.7a	4.6±0.8b	86.4±4.0a	9.0±4.1a
			R-F	13.5±0.6a	69.3±0.2a	17.2±0.5a	5.2±0.6ab	84.4±0.5a	10.4±1.0a
	NPK		R-W	17.8±1.9a	68.4±2.7a	13.8±1.1a	6.9±0.3ab	86.1±1.2ab	7.0±1.0a
			R-O	15.4±0.9a	69.4±2.5a	15.2±3.2a	5.0±1.9bc	86.8±2.4ab	8.2±2.9a
			R-C	17.7±4.7a	68.4±2.6a	13.9±2.1a	3.9±0.4c	89.0±0.5a	7.0±0.9a
			R-F	15.1±2.3a	67.6±0.6a	17.3±2.7a	7.1±0.9a	83.8±2.7b	9.0±1.9a
轮作Rotation				1.8ns	1.8ns	1.6ns	2.2ns	1.7ns	1.3ns
施肥 Fertilization				3.9*	2.0ns	0.8ns	58.2***	8.3**	1.2ns
轮作×施肥 Rotation × Fertilization				0.4ns	0.3ns	0.8ns	7.5***	2.9*	0.7ns

Table 3

Fig. 3

Table 4

Soil microbial characteristics under different rotation systems"

时期 Season	施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	轮作制度 Rotation system	微生物量碳MBC (mg·kg^-1)	微生物量氮MBN (mg·kg^-1)	微生物量磷MBP (mg·kg^-1)	微生物量碳氮比 MBC/MBN	微生物量碳磷比 MBC/MBP	微生物量氮磷比MBN/MBP	碱性磷酸酶 ALP (μg·g^-1·h^-1)
2019年旱季 Dry season in 2019	CK	R-W	639.9±81.2ab	59.9±13.7bc	18.9±3.1a	11.0±2.1b	34.1±3.4b	3.1±0.3c	277.3±61.4c
		R-O	590.3±52.1b	67.7±2.1b	13.5±2.5b	8.7±1.0bc	44.2±5.4b	5.1±1.1b	441.4±59.9ab
		R-C	744.7±54.9a	45.1±1.9c	21.1±1.6a	16.5±1.1a	35.4±3.4b	2.1±0.2c	386.5±93.4bc
		R-F	646.8±110.1ab	84.9±9.4a	10.1±0.3b	7.7±0.9c	64.2±8.6a	8.4±1.1a	459.6±85.7a
	NK	R-W	1174.1±67.4a	96.4±15.7ab	21.8±3.5a	12.3±1.3a	55.1±11.7a	4.6±1.4a	231.6±19.6a
		R-O	1157.0±94.0a	99.9±0.1a	15.8±4.8a	11.6±0.9a	77.5±23.7a	6.7±2.1a	259.4±41.7a
		R-C	1190.4±85.4a	84.7±37.9b	15.7±4.7a	14.0±0.4a	77.8±14.5a	5.5±1.1a	257.7±84.0a
		R-F	1206.4±78.4a	93.5±18.6ab	15.3±2.8a	13.2±2.6a	80.2±12.5a	6.1±0.4a	258.4±45.0a
	NPK	R-W	1380.1±77.9b	121.3±7.3a	17. 5±1.7a	11.4±0.8b	79.4±6.3c	7.0±1.1a	250.9±39.6a
		R-O	1657.1±16.3a	120.1±3.1a	13.8±1.4b	13.8±0.3ab	120.4±10.9b	8.7±0.8a	301.2±30.4a
		R-C	1487.5±75.3b	112.2±11.7ab	9.5±2.9c	13.4±1.9ab	162.2±38.4a	12.3±3.7a	238.4±98.4a
		R-F	1398.5±74.2b	96.5±12.5b	9.2±0.2c	14.6±1.6a	151.7±9.6ab	10.5±1.3a	289.8±22.0a
轮作Rotation			2.6ns	3.2*	14.0***	10.9***	12.9***	7.6**	4.0*
施肥 Fertilization			425.7***	69.2***	10.3**	9.3**	90.1***	34.8***	20.1***
轮作×施肥 Rotation × Fertilization			5.0**	4.8**	4.1**	8.7***	4.1**	5.0**	1.4ns
2019年稻季 Rice season in 2019	CK	R-W	742.7±13.6a	87.9±5.7a	14.4±4.4a	8.5±0.4a	55.3±18.4a	6.6±2.3a	291.6±67.5a
		R-O	810.6±55.6a	76.8±7.5ab	12.6±2.4a	10.6±1.1a	66.3±15.1a	6.3±1.5a	338.5±40.1a
		R-C	679.2±105.8a	71.2±25.1ab	15.7±7.6a	10.7±5.4a	53.1±32.4a	5.0±1.9a	308.5±50.3a
		R-F	781.5±92.1a	54.0±7.7b	13.1±2.1a	14.8±3.9a	61.5±16.9a	4.2±0.5a	310.2±32.1a
	NK	R-W	395.2±69.5a	45.1±1.3b	15.1±4.8c	8.8±1.7a	28.1±10.9a	3.2±1.0a	254.3±48.0a
		R-O	328.9±119.2a	54.4±19.0ab	27.0±1.7b	6.0±0.3ab	12.0±3.8b	2.0±0.6b	276.3±21.4a
		R-C	221.7±104.1a	78.2±10.0a	38.1±5.9a	3.0±1.8c	6.2±3.8b	2.1±0.2b	241.5±99.1a
		R-F	214.8±106.3a	41.6±10.4b	40.8±2.6a	5.0±1.6bc	5.2±2.6b	1.0±0.3b	229.3±31.9a
	NPK	R-W	740.4±42.1b	59.9±16.5a	12.5±1.9c	12.9±3.1a	59.9±7.7a	4.7±0.7a	263.5±70.1a
		R-O	656.6±22.6b	78.3±6.4a	32.3±7.7b	8.4±0.7a	21.0±4.1b	2.5±0.6b	237.3±21.6a
		R-C	743.3±86.5b	71.4±19.8a	40.7±4.6b	11.1±3.5a	18.6±4.4b	1.8±0.4bc	226.2±38.1a
		R-F	907.2±51.0a	80.9±8.6a	56.0±2.9a	11.2±0.7a	16.2±1.0b	1.4±0.2c	178.1±25.9b
轮作Rotation			2.2ns	2.2ns	42.3***	1.7ns	4.9**	9.6***	1.3ns
施肥 Fertilization			138.8***	7.3**	72.9***	17.7***	36.8***	35.1***	9.2**
轮作×施肥 Rotation × Fertilization			4.1**	3.8**	13.0***	3.0*	2.4ns	0.7ns	0.6ns

Table 4

Fig. 4

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施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	轮作体系 Rotation system	磷肥总投入量 Total P₂O₅ input (kg·hm^-2)	2019年旱季磷携出量 P₂O₅ removal in dry season 2019 (kg·hm^-2)	2019年稻季磷携出量 P₂O₅removal in rice season 2019 (kg·hm^-2)	磷携出总量 Total P₂O₅ removal (kg·hm^-2)	土壤磷盈余 P₂O₅ surplus (kg·hm^-2)	磷肥回收率 P_recovery (%)
CK	R-W	0	34.9±8.3a	66.1±16.7a	101.1±10.5a	-101.1±10.5a	—
	R-O	0	41.2±6.0a	52.4±10.2a	93.6±6.5ab	-93.6±6.5ab	—
	R-C	0	15.4±4.4b	65.1±3.2a	80.5±7.6b	-80.5±7.6b	—
	R-F	0	—	54.4±1.1a	54.4±1.1c	-54.4±1.1c	—
NK	R-W	0	69.5±3.8a	77.8±9.5bc	147.3±10.6a	-147.3±10.6a	—
	R-O	0	69.7±21.7a	73.5±6.4c	143.3±26.2ab	-143.3±26.2ab	—
	R-C	0	47.5±10.0a	99.9±10.9ab	147.3±9.9a	-147.3±9.9a	—
	R-F	0	—	109.7±19.8a	109.7±19.8b	-109.7±19.8b	—
NPK	R-W	120	72.5±1.8b	90.1±0.5b	162.6±1.7b	-42.6±1.7b	12.8±7.5c
	R-O	120	98.9±6.7a	83.5±10.5b	182.4±5.5a	-62.4±5.5a	32.7±6.2a
	R-C	150	71.2±13.8b	129.3±2.6a	200.5±11.2a	-50.5±11.2ab	35.5±12.0a
	R-F	60	—	122.4±31.1a	122.4±31.1c	-62.4±31.1ab	21.2±4.9ab
轮作 Rotation			13.8***	9.5***	20.4***	4.9***
施肥 Fertilization			55.6***	38.4***	100.8***	96.2**
轮作×施肥 Rotation×Fertilization			1.5ns	2.7*	2.6*	3.4*

Influence of Typical Rotation Systems on Soil Phosphorus Availability Under Different Fertilization Strategies

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