我国畜禽种质资源国际交流安全面临的挑战和风险

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.17.014

Abstract

Abstract:

Livestock and poultry germplasm resource is the material basis for modern breeding innovation which is an important national strategic resource for ensuring livestock production security and biodiversity conservation. China is rich in livestock and poultry germplasm resources and has preserved 752 breeds with 2.2 million genetic materials. However, foreign germplasm accounts for less than 7% of these resources, which is far lower than the proportion reported in the United States National Animal Germplasm Program. Strengthening international exchange and cooperation in livestock and poultry germplasm resources is therefore important for enriching genetic diversity, expanding breeding materials, improving resource utilization, and enhancing global biodiversity conservation.Based on the current status of international exchange and cooperation in China, this article systematically reviews relevant domestic and international laws, policies, and management procedures, and examines foreign practices in resource introduction, quarantine supervision, sharing and utilization, germplasm bank construction, information platform development, and intellectual property protection. It further analyzed the major challenges and risks facing China in this field. The results showed that although China has established a basic institutional framework for international exchange and cooperation, significant bottlenecks remained in the introduction of superior foreign germplasm, international cooperation channels, approval and quarantine coordination, resource sharing and utilization, information platform construction, and intellectual property protection.This study suggested that China should further strengthen the introduction of high-quality foreign germplasm resources, improve cross-departmental coordination and risk prevention mechanisms, optimize systems for preservation, evaluation, sharing, utilization, and intellectual property protection, and enhance research capacity, infrastructure, and professional team building. These efforts would help improve China’s international exchange and management capacity for livestock and poultry germplasm resources and support the sustainable development of the livestock breeding industry.

Key words: livestock and poultry germplasm resources, international exchange, security management, risk

JIA YaXiong, YANG WeiFang, LIU Tao, WANG Di, LIU MengChao, CHEN TianJin, HOU ShuiSheng. Security Challenges and Risks in the International Exchange of China's Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(17): 3907-3919.

Figures/Tables 2

Table 1

A comparison of legal and regulatory systems for the safety management of livestock and poultry germplasm resources at home and abroad"

项目Item	发达国家和地区Developed countries & regions	新兴经济体Emerging economies	中国China
法律基础 Legal foundation	有专门法律，如欧盟《动物遗传资源保护条例》、日本《家畜遗传资源保护法》 Have specialized laws, such as the EU “Animal Genetic Resources Protection Regulation” and Japan’s “Livestock Genetic Resources Protection Act”	以生物多样性法、进出口和资源审批规则为重点 Focus on biodiversity laws, import-export controls, and resource approval regulations	《中华人民共和国畜牧法》为主要法律，但缺乏专门立法 The “Animal Husbandry Law of the People’s Republic of China” is the main law, but lacks dedicated legislation
政策支持 Policy support	通过农业补贴、生态支付等激励措施，如欧盟CAP、日本财政补贴 Provide incentives through agricultural subsidies and ecological payments, e.g., EU CAP and Japanese fiscal subsidies	更重视资源主权和审批控制 Place greater emphasis on resource sovereignty and approval control	有财政支持，但补贴力度和覆盖面有待提高 Financial support exists, but subsidy intensity and coverage still need improvement
技术手段 Technical approaches	基因库建设规范，技术先进，如美国NAGP Well-established gene bank systems and advanced technologies, e.g., the U.S. NAGP	技术体系逐步完善，但区域差异较大 Technical systems are gradually improving, but with significant regional disparities	基因库建设起步较晚，技术储备不足 Gene bank development started relatively late, with insufficient technical reserves
公众参与 Public participation	NGO和社区积极参与，如美国家畜品种保护协会 Active involvement of NGOs and communities, e.g., the U.S. Livestock Breeds Conservancy	社区参与有所体现，围绕资源保护、地方利益维护展开 Community participation is present, focusing on resource conservation and protection of local interests	公众参与度较低，主要依赖政府推动 Low public participation, mainly driven by the government
国际合作 International cooperation	积极参与FAO等国际组织，推动跨国合作 Actively participate in FAO and other international organizations, promoting transnational cooperation	更多关注本国资源保护与公平惠益 Focus more on domestic resource protection and fair benefit-sharing	参与国际合作，但在规则制定中话语权较弱 Participate in international cooperation, but have weaker voice in rule-making

Table 1

Table 2

Comparison of policies and regulatory mechanisms for the introduction of livestock and poultry germplasm resources at home and abroad"

比较维度 Comparison dimension	国内政策特征 Domestic policy features		国外政策特征 Foreign policy features	比较结论 Comparative conclusion
引进审批流程 Import approval process	严格审批，需经过农业农村部、海关等多部门联合审核，确保生物安全 Strict approval is required through the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs system, with relatively simplified procedures		审批流程相对简化，但发达国家（如美国、欧盟）仍设有严格的检疫和风险评估程序 In developed countries (e.g., US, EU), strict multi-departmental and expert review systems are implemented, including quarantine and risk assessment procedures	国内审批流程相对严格，强调多部门和专家研判；国外流程简化但注重风险评估和检疫 Domestic procedures are relatively more centralized/simplified, while developed countries emphasize multi-layered risk assessment and inter-agency coordination
检疫要求 Quarantine requirements	实施严格的隔离检疫制度，引进种质资源需在指定隔离场进行至少45天的检疫 A strict quarantine and isolation system is implemented; imported germplasm resources must undergo at least 45 days of quarantine in designated isolation facilities		检疫要求因国而异，发达国家通常要求30天以上的隔离检疫，发展中国家可能较为宽松 Requirements vary by country; developed countries generally require more than 30 days of quarantine, while some developing countries adopt more flexible standards	国内检疫时间更长，隔离措施更严格；国外检疫时间较短，但发达国家仍注重检疫安全 Domestic quarantine periods are longer and stricter; developed countries have shorter durations but still maintain strict safety standards
风险评估 Risk assessment	引进前需进行详细的风险评估，包括疫病传播风险、生态安全风险等 Detailed risk assessment is required before import, including disease transmission risk and ecological safety risk		发达国家普遍要求风险评估，但发展中国家可能缺乏系统的风险评估机制 Developed countries generally have systematic risk assessment mechanisms, while some developing countries lack complete systems	国内外均注重风险评估，但国内评估更为全面，发展中国家可能存在评估不足的问题 Both domestic and foreign systems emphasize risk assessment, but domestic assessment is more comprehensive
种质资源来源限制 Germplasm source restrictions	对来自疫区或高风险国家的种质资源实施严格限制或禁止引进 Strict restrictions or bans are imposed on germplasm from epidemic or high-risk regions		发达国家对高风险地区种质资源也有严格限制，但部分发展中国家可能缺乏明确的限制政策 Developed countries also restrict high-risk regions, but some developing countries lack clear regulatory frameworks	国内外均对高风险地区种质资源实施限制，但国内政策更为明确和严格 Both impose restrictions, but domestic policies are more explicit and stringent
生物安全管理 Biosafety management	强调生物安全管理，引进种质资源需符合《生物安全法》及相关法规 Emphasizes biosafety management; imported germplasm must comply with the Biosafety Law and related regulations		发达国家普遍有完善的生物安全管理体系，发展中国家可能缺乏系统的生物安全法规 Developed countries generally have mature biosafety systems, while some developing countries lack systematic biosafety legislation	国内外均注重生物安全，但国内政策法规更为系统化，发展中国家可能存在管理漏洞 Both emphasize biosafety, but domestic regulatory systems are still improving in completeness and enforcement consistency
技术标准 Technical standards	引进种质资源需符合国内技术标准，包括遗传性能、健康状况等 Imported germplasm resources must comply with domestic technical standards, including genetic performance and health status		发达国家通常有较高的技术标准，发展中国家可能标准较低或执行不严 Developed countries generally have higher technical standards	国内外技术标准存在差异，发达国家标准较高，国内标准较为严格且执行力度大 There are differences in technical standards between domestic and foreign systems. Developed countries have stricter standards, while domestic standards are relatively strict and strongly enforced
后续监管 Follow-up supervision	引进后需进行长期跟踪监测，确保种质资源安全性和适应性 After introduction, long-term monitoring is required to ensure the safety and adaptability of germplasm resources		发达国家普遍有后续监管机制，但发展中国家可能缺乏有效的跟踪监测 Developed countries generally have well-established post-monitoring systems, while developing countries may lack effective tracking and monitoring	国内外均注重后续监管，但国内监管更为系统化和长期化，发展中国家可能存在监管不足 Both domestic and international systems emphasize post-introduction supervision. However, domestic management is more systematic and long-term, while developing countries may have insufficient regulatory capacity
国际合作 International cooperation	积极参与国际畜禽种质资源合作，但强调以我为主，确保国家生物安全 Actively participate in international livestock and poultry germplasm resource cooperation, but emphasize maintaining domestic leadership to ensure national biosecurity	发达国家普遍注重国际合作，但发展中国家可能在国际合作中处于被动地位 Developed countries generally emphasize international cooperation, while developing countries may be in a passive position in such cooperation		国内外均注重国际合作，但国内更强调自主性和安全性，发展中国家可能缺乏主动权 Both sides value international cooperation, but domestic policy places greater emphasis on autonomy and biosecurity, while developing countries may lack initiative

Table 2

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