基于耕地承载力的十堰市畜禽养殖环境风险评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.05.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Shiyan city was the core water source area of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, a comprehensive understanding of the current situation of livestock and poultry pollution and its potential threat to farmland would provide a basis for strengthening environmental risk control. 【Method】This paper used the livestock manure environmental risk assessment model to quantitatively analyze the source structure of livestock and poultry manure in different areas of Shiyan city in 2020, and the environmental risk from the perspective of the balance between planting and raising was comprehensively evaluated. 【Result】 The total amount of livestock and poultry manure reached 306.85×10⁴ t in 2020, and it was mainly distributed in Yunyang district, Danjiangkou city and Fangxian county. COD production was the highest (57.00×10⁴ t), followed by TN (2.63×10⁴ t), and TP production was less (0.65×10⁴ t). The total equivalent standard pollution load was 15.532×10¹⁰ m³, and the source structure was obviously inconsistent in different regions. TP was the primary pollutant in livestock and poultry breeding, and its equivalent standard pollution load accounts for 41.68% of the total load, followed by TN with the pollution load rate of 33.85%, and the lowest equivalent standard pollution load rate of COD was 24.47%. Cattle was the primary source of non-point source pollution in livestock and poultry production in Shiyan city, contributing 49.47% to the total pollution load of the equivalent standard, followed by poultry (21.60%). According to the result of environmental pollution risk assessment, the load of animal excretion per hectare of arable land in Shiyan city was 10.15 t·hm^-2, the alarm value was 0.338 and the risk level was Ⅰ, indicating the environmental pollution was “no risk”. The load intensity of TN and TP was 0.09 and 0.02 t·hm^-2, respectively, and the environmental risk index was 1.023 and 1.223, respectively, but there were obvious spatial differences among regions. More than half of the whole city had the potential pollution risk of livestock and poultry breeding, among which Maojian district and Yunyang District were the most serious. With phosphorus as the measurement standard, the total amount of breeding in Shiyan city was close to saturation, the total amount of livestock and poultry must be reduced by 98.51×10⁴ pigs equivalent on the existing basis.【Conclusion】It was of great significance to maintain a reasonable scale of poultry breeding (≤441.00×10⁴ pigs equivalent) and take measures of pollutant abatement, in order to promote the balance of planting and breeding and orderly development of livestock and poultry breeding in Shiyan city.

Key words: Shiyan city, arable land carrying capacity, livestock and poultry manure, cropland load, environmental risk

GONG ShiFei, XIAO NengWu, DING WuHan, JU XueHai, WU PingHua, YU YongSong, LI Hu. Environmental Risks Assessment of Livestock and Poultry Non- Point Source Pollution in Shiyan City Based on Arable Land Carrying Capacity[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(5): 920-934.

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警报值 Alarm value	分级指数 Classification	对环境构成污染的威胁 Environmental risk
≤0.4	Ⅰ	无 No risk
0.4-0.7	Ⅱ	稍有 A little risk
0.7-1.0	III	有 Risky
1.0-1.5	Ⅳ	较严重 Medium risk
1.5-2.5	Ⅴ	严重 Severe risk
>2.5	Ⅵ	很严重 Extremely serious risk

畜禽种类 Livestock and poultry species	养殖规模 Farming scale (×10⁴)	污染物年输出系数 Pollutant output coefficient				猪粪当量换算系数 Equivalent conversion coefficient of livestock and poultry manure
畜禽种类 Livestock and poultry species	养殖规模 Farming scale (×10⁴)	粪便Manure (kg·a^-1)	TN (kg·a^-1)	TP (kg·a^-1)	COD (kg·a^-1)
猪 Pig	69.47	1122.00	36.51	4.84	302.24	1.00
牛 Cow	21.39	8402.30	65.93	10.52	2411.40	0.50
羊 Sheep	80.14	868.70	24.10	5.14	0.46	1.03
家禽 Poultry	1270.51	43.80	1.16	0.23	20.50	1.21

县（区、市） County (district, city)	养殖规模 Farming scale (×10⁴)				耕地面积 Agricultural acreage (×10⁴hm²)
县（区、市） County (district, city)	猪Pig	牛Cow	羊Sheep	家禽Poultry	耕地面积 Agricultural acreage (×10⁴hm²)
郧阳区Yunyang	21.06	6.60	17.33	233.66	4.544
郧西县Yunxi	9.28	2.73	16.38	137.57	4.548
竹山县Zhushan	9.36	2.82	7.35	169.51	6.664
竹溪县Zhuxi	9.55	2.82	5.47	84.72	6.323
房县Fang county	10.33	1.87	27.09	191.12	3.710
丹江口市Danjiangkou	9.13	4.46	5.22	424.21	4.149
茅箭区Maojian	0.39	0.05	0.81	17.00	0.103
张湾区Zhangwan	0.37	0.04	0.50	12.72	0.204
十堰市Shiyan	69.47	21.39	80.14	1270.51	30.240

污染指标 Pollution indicator	畜禽种类Livestock and poultry species				合计 Total	负荷强度 Load intensity (t·hm^-2)
污染指标 Pollution indicator	猪Pig	牛Cow	羊Sheep	家禽Poultry	合计 Total	负荷强度 Load intensity (t·hm^-2)
粪便量Fecal production (×10⁴ t)	77.95	179.73	69.62	55.65	382.94
猪粪当量Equivalent of pig manure (×10⁴ t)	77.95	89.86	71.71	67.33	306.85	10.15
TN (×10⁴ t)	0.29	1.08	0.63	0.64	2.63	0.09
TP (×10⁴ t)	0.08	0.29	0.15	0.13	0.65	0.02
COD (×10⁴ t)	4.80	39.98	0.02	12.20	57.00	1.88

污染物 Pollutant	负荷系数 Load factor	污染源 Pollutant source				P_in (×10¹⁰ m³)	K_in
污染物 Pollutant	负荷系数 Load factor	猪Pig	牛Cow	羊Sheep	家禽Poultry	P_in (×10¹⁰ m³)	K_in
TN	P_ij (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.584	2.152	1.252	1.271	5.258
TN	K_ij	0.1110	0.4093	0.2381	0.2416		0.3385
TP	P_ij(×10¹⁰ m³)	0.834	2.866	1.504	1.271	6.474
TP	K_ij	0.1288	0.4427	0.2322	0.1963		0.4168
COD	P_ij (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.320	2.665	0.001	0.813	3.800
COD	K_ij	0.0842	0.7015	0.0003	0.2140		0.2447
	P_nj (×10¹⁰ m³)	1.737	7.684	2.757	3.354	P=15.532
	K_nj	0.1119	0.4947	0.1775	0.2160	P=15.532

Environmental Risks Assessment of Livestock and Poultry Non- Point Source Pollution in Shiyan City Based on Arable Land Carrying Capacity

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县（区、市） County (district, city)	猪粪当量Pig fecal equivalent (×10⁴ t)				合计 Total (×10⁴t)	耕地负荷量 Cultivated land load (t·hm^-2)	警报值 Alarm value	分级指数 Classification	对环境构成污染的威胁 Environmental risk
县（区、市） County (district, city)	猪 Pig	牛 Cow	羊 Sheep	家禽 Poultry	合计 Total (×10⁴t)	耕地负荷量 Cultivated land load (t·hm^-2)	警报值 Alarm value	分级指数 Classification	对环境构成污染的威胁 Environmental risk
郧阳区Yunyang	23.629	27.728	15.506	12.384	79.247	17.440	0.581	Ⅱ	稍有 A little risk
郧西县Yunxi	10.412	11.469	14.656	7.291	43.828	9.637	0.321	Ⅰ	无 No risk
竹山县Zhushan	10.502	11.847	6.576	8.984	37.909	5.689	0.190	Ⅰ	无 No risk
竹溪县Zhuxi	10.715	11.847	4.894	4.490	31.947	5.052	0.168	Ⅰ	无 No risk
房县Fang county	11.590	7.856	24.239	10.129	53.814	14.505	0.484	Ⅱ	稍有 A little risk
丹江口市Danjiangkou	10.244	18.737	4.671	22.482	56.134	13.530	0.451	Ⅱ	稍有 A little risk
茅箭区Maojian	0.438	0.210	0.725	0.901	2.273	22.071	0.736	Ⅲ	有 Risky
张湾区Zhangwan	0.415	0.168	0.447	0.674	1.705	8.356	0.279	Ⅰ	无 No risk
十堰市Shiyan city	77.093	89.863	71.706	67.334	306.849	10.147	0.338	Ⅰ	无 No risk

县（区、市） County (district, city)	承载力 Carrying capacity (×10⁴t)		环境容量 Environmental capacity (Equivalent based on pig) (×10⁴)		50%环境容量 50% theoretical breeding quantity (×10⁴)		实际养殖量 Actual amounts of livestock (×10⁴)		环境风险指数 Pollution risk index
县（区、市） County (district, city)	N	P	N	P	N	P	N	P	N	P
郧阳区Yunyang	0.772	0.159	183.91	132.52	91.95	66.26	160.15	141.33	1.742	2.133
郧西县Yunxi	0.773	0.159	184.10	132.66	92.05	66.33	88.82	76.84	0.965	1.158
竹山县Zhushan	1.133	0.233	269.74	194.37	134.87	97.19	76.98	66.47	0.571	0.684
竹溪县Zhuxi	1.075	0.221	255.93	184.42	127.97	92.21	63.58	56.65	0.497	0.614
房县Fang county	0.631	0.130	150.17	108.21	75.09	54.11	105.86	89.49	1.410	1.654
丹江口市Danjiangkou	0.705	0.145	167.93	121.01	83.97	60.50	122.75	102.45	1.462	1.693
茅箭区Maojian	0.017	0.004	4.15	2.99	2.07	1.49	4.52	3.63	2.178	2.429
张湾区Zhangwan	0.035	0.007	8.26	5.95	4.13	2.98	3.29	2.66	0.798	0.893
十堰市Shiyan	5.141	1.058	1224.00	882.00	612.00	441.00	625.95	539.51	1.023	1.223

[1]	CHENG DengMiao, LI ZhaoJun, ZHANG XueLian, FENG Yao, ZHANG ShuQing. Removal of Veterinary Antibiotics in Livestock and Poultry Manure: A Review [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(17): 3335-3352.
[2]	LIU Qin-pu. Distribution of Fertilizer Application and Its Environmental Risk in Different Provinces of China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(18): 3596-3605.
[3]	WEI Hong-An, LI Yu-Yuan, YANG Rui, GAO Ru, SHI Hui, ZHANG Man-Yi, WU Jin-Shui. The Declining Process of Soil Phosphorus Availability and Comparison Between Agronomic and Environmental Indexes in Red Soil [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(6): 1116-1126.
[4]	. Spatial Variability of Soil Available Phosphorus and Environmental Risk Analysis of Soil Phosphorus in Pinggu County of Beijing [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2009, 42(4): 1290-1298 .

县（区、市） County (district, city)	负荷系数 Load factor	污染源 Pollutant source				P_rn (×10¹⁰ m³)	K_rn
县（区、市） County (district, city)	负荷系数 Load factor	猪Pig	牛Cow	羊Sheep	家禽Poultry	P_rn (×10¹⁰ m³)	K_rn
郧阳区 Yunyang	P_rj (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.527	2.371	0.596	0.617	4.110
郧阳区 Yunyang	K_rj	0.1281	0.5768	0.1450	0.1501		0.2646
郧西县 Yunxi	P_rj (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.232	0.981	0.563	0.363	2.139
郧西县 Yunxi	K_rj	0.1085	0.4584	0.2634	0.1698		0.1377
竹山县 Zhushan	P_rj (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.234	1.013	0.253	0.448	1.947
竹山县 Zhushan	K_rj	0.1202	0.5202	0.1298	0.2298		0.1254
竹溪县 Zhuxi	P_rj (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.239	1.013	0.188	0.224	1.664
竹溪县 Zhuxi	K_rj	0.1436	0.6089	0.1131	0.1344		0.1071
房县 Fang county	P_rj (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.258	0.672	0.932	0.505	2.366
房县 Fang county	K_rj	0.1092	0.2839	0.3938	0.2132		0.1524
丹江口市 Danjiangkou	P_rj (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.228	1.602	0.180	1.120	3.130
丹江口市 Danjiangkou	K_rj	0.0729	0.5119	0.0574	0.3578		0.2015
茅箭区 Maojian	P_rj (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.010	0.018	0.028	0.045	0.100
茅箭区 Maojian	K_rj	0.0971	0.1788	0.2774	0.4468		0.0065
张湾区 Zhangwan	P_rj (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.009	0.014	0.017	0.034	0.074
张湾区 Zhangwan	K_rj	0.1244	0.1931	0.2312	0.4514		0.0048