Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (1): 147-160.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.01.011

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Green Manure Returning via Sheep Digest with Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction are Beneficial to Improve Wheat Yield and Soil Quality at Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

LU Hao1(), ZHANG MingLong1, HAN Mei2, YAN QingBiao2, LI ZhengPeng2, YIN Wen1, FAN ZhiLong1, HU FaLong1(), CHAI Qiang1()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070
    2 College of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016
  • Received:2025-01-24 Accepted:2025-05-07 Online:2026-01-07 Published:2026-01-07
  • Contact: HU FaLong, CHAI Qiang

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Abstract:

【Objective】Aiming at the issues of insufficient input of organic matters and high reliance on nitrogen fertilizers of wheat production in the Qinghai Plateau, the study investigated the influences of different incorporation methods of green manure after wheat combing nitrogen fertilizer reduction on wheat yield and soil quality, so as to provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance of efficiently and sustainably producing wheat in this area. 【Method】The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University from 2022 to 2023. A split plot design was adopted, and three nitrogen application levels were set up in the main plot of wheat season: conventional nitrogen application (225 kg·hm-2, N2), nitrogen reduction by 30% (158 kg·hm-2, N1), and no nitrogen application (N0). The subplot was setup as three green manure incorporation methods in the previous season: only green manure root returning (RR), overground straw returning via sheep digest combined with root returning (SDRR), and overground straw and root returning (OSRR).【Result】The content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium of treatment nitrogen reduction by 30% and overground straw returning via sheep digest combined with root returning (N1SDRR) were increased by 10.3%, 8.6%, 23.8%, 9.1%, and 8.4%, respectively, than those under nitrogen reduction by 30% and overground straw and root returning (N1OSRR). Meanwhile, the content of soil nitrate nitrogen under N1SDRR was 4.4% and 11.3% lower than that of treatment conventional nitrogen application and overground straw returning via sheep digest combined with root returning (N2SDRR) and N1OSRR, respectively. Additionally, the activities of soil alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and urease under N1SDRR treatment were increased by 8.5%, 10.2%, and 3.7%, respectively, compared with the N1OSRR treatment; however, the activity of soil catalase was 7.1% and 10.0% lower than that under N2SDRR and N1OSRR, respectively. The soil quality index of the N1SDRR treatment was the highest (0.79), showing no significant difference from the N2SDRR treatment, but significantly increasing by 72.0% compared with the N1OSRR treatment. Furthermore, SDRR significantly enhanced the grain yield of wheat by 28.1% and 7.3% compared with RR and OSRR, respectively, and no yield reduction occurred even 30% nitrogen fertilizer was reduced. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the soil quality index and yield. The random forest model indicated that the main factors influencing soil quality index were soil organic matter, available phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and total nitrogen, while the main factors influencing grain yield of wheat were soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and urease activity.【Conclusion】Under the condition of 30% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer, the overground straw returning via sheep digest combined with root returning could effectively improve soil quality and wheat grain yield by reducing soil bulk density, increasing soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium content and alkaline phosphatase, urease and sucrase activity, which was a suitable management measure for sustainable wheat production in this area.

Key words: green manure, nitrogen fertilizer reduction, wheat, soil quality index, yield

Fig. 1

Day-by-day average temperature and precipitation in the test area in 2022-2023"

Table 1

Dry and fresh weight of green manure under different treatments（kg∙hm-2）"

处理
Treatment		 2022 2023
鲜重 Fresh weight 干重 Dry weight 鲜重 Fresh weight 干重 Dry weight
N2 RR 14933 d 5988 c 15218 c 6391 b
SDRR 16288 a 6924 a 16806 a 7450 a
OSRR 15803 b 6972 a 16470 ab 7237 a
N1 RR 13466 f 5575 d 13752 e 5817 c
SDRR 16022 a 6651 ab 16138 b 6780 b
OSRR 15355 c 6284 b 15425 c 6301 b
N0 RR 12933 g 5432 d 13120 e 5420 d
SDRR 13911 e 5842 c 14025 d 5974 c
OSRR 13266 f 5585 d 13436 e 5490 d

Table 2

Basic nutrient content of green manure"

年份 Year 全碳Total C (%) 全氮 Total N (%) 全磷 Total P (%) 全钾Total K (%)
2022 47.36 3.31 0.27 3.20
2023 48.37 3.37 0.25 3.34

Table 3

Basic nutrient content of decomposed sheep manure"

年份 Year 有机质 Organic matter (%) 全氮 Total N (%) 全磷 Total P (%) 全钾 Total K (%)
2022 50.82 1.46 0.44 0.32
2023 51.33 1.44 0.43 0.31

Table 4

Interaction analysis of year, nitrogen application level and green manure returning method on soil physical and chemical properties in years"

容重
BD		 酸碱度
pH		 有机质
SOM		 全氮
TN		 铵态氮
NH4+-N		 硝态氮
NO3--N		 速效磷
AP		 速效钾
AK
年份Year, Y ns * ** ** ** ** ** **
施氮水平 N fertilizer application rates, N ns * ** ** ** ** ** **
绿肥还田方式 Green manure returning method, G * * ** ** * ** ** **
年份×施氮水平 Y×N ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
年份×绿肥还田方式 Y×G ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
施氮水平×绿肥还田方式 N×G ns ns ** * * ** ** *
年份×施氮水平×绿肥还田方式 Y×N×G ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

Fig. 2

Effects of different nitrogen application levels and returning methods on soil physical and chemical indexes There are significant differences between different lowercase letters (P<0.05). The same as below"

Table 5

Interaction analysis of nitrogen application level and green manure returning method on soil biological characteristics in different years"

ALP URE SUC CAT
年份 Year, Y * ** ** **
施氮水平N fertilizer application rates, N ** ** ** **
绿肥还田方式Green manure returning method, G ** ** ** **
年份×施氮水平Y×N ns ** ns **
年份×绿肥还田方式Y×G ns ns ns ns
施氮水平×绿肥还田方式 N×G ns ** ns **
年份×施氮水平×绿肥还田方式 Y×N×G ns ns ns ns

Fig. 3

Effects of nitrogen application levels and different returning methods on soil biological indicators"

Table 6

Common factor variance and weight of each index"

BD pH SOM TN NH4+-N NO3--N AP AK ALP SUC URE CAT
公因子方差Communality 0.18 0.52 0.89 0.83 0.83 0.87 0.81 0.73 0.85 0.79 0.79 0.76
权重Weight 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09

Fig. 4

Effects of nitrogen application levels and different returning methods on soil quality index GM: Green manure returning method; NL: Nitrogen application level. The same as below"

Fig. 5

Effects of nitrogen application levels and different returning methods on wheat yield"

Fig. 6

Correlation between soil quality and wheat yield under nitrogen reduction and different returning methods and random forest analysis Figure (a) is the mental test of grain yield and soil quality index. The width and fineness of the lines indicate the strength of the relationship between yield and soil quality index and soil factors. The solid line represents positive correlation, and the dotted line represents negative correlation; the color of the square indicates the correlation between soil factors; Figure (b) is the random forest analysis of yield; Figure (c) is a random forest analysis of soil quality index; Figure (d) is a linear regression between wheat grain yield and soil quality index, A linear regression analysis was performed on the average grain yield and soil quality index after 2 years"

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