智能机械化分层施肥对麦田根-土养分分布和小麦产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.01.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】To address the issues of irrational fertilizer application, uneven soil nutrient distribution, low fertilizer efficiency, and suboptimal crop yields in medium- and low-yield fields in North China, the precision fertilization was employed to enhance fertilizer use efficiency, increase wheat yield, and improve soil nutrient distribution. 【Method】Based on preliminary pot and field plot experiments, the field trials were conducted using intelligent layered fertilization machinery in Ningjin and Quzhou counties, Hebei Province. Six fertilization treatments were established: conventional farmer practice (MF1), optimized nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization applied in a single layer using conventional machinery (MF2), optimized N, P, and K fertilization applied in two layers using intelligent machinery (MF3), optimized N and P fertilization applied in two layers and K fertilization in three layers using intelligent machinery (MF4), optimized N and K fertilization applied in two layers and P fertilization in three layers using intelligent machinery (MF5), and optimized N fertilization applied in two layers and P and K fertilization in three layers using intelligent machinery (MF6). The study aimed to investigate the effects of precision fertilization on soil enzyme activity, spatiotemporal supply capacity of soil available N, P, and K, wheat root characteristics, fertilizer efficiency, and grain yield. 【Result】The layered fertilization significantly increased the content of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 5.9%-34.5%, 6.4%-25.3%, and 12.9%-91.0%, respectively, while also enhancing the available potassium content in the 40-60 cm soil layer by 3.9%-38.5%. Additionally, layered fertilization significantly enhanced the activities of catalase and urease in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 10.3%-19.7% and 18.4%-31.2%, respectively, improved phosphatase activity in the 0-60 cm soil layer by 18.1%-32.9%, and increased root length, root surface area and root volume in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 13.2%-45.1%, 4.4%-36.4% and 8.7%-45.3%, respectively. Compared with the single-layer optimized N, P, and K fertilization treatment, layered fertilization significantly improved the partial productivity of N, P, and K fertilizers and grain yield, with the MF6 treatment performing the best in both experimental areas. 【Conclusion】The intelligent mechanized layered fertilization was an efficient and precise fertilization technique that demonstrated significant advantages in synergistically improving the spatiotemporal distribution of soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and wheat root distribution characteristics, making it highly recommendable for practical agricultural production.

Key words: winter wheat, intelligent mechanized layered fertilization, soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient distribution, soil enzyme activity, root morphological characteristics, grain yield

LÜ XuDong, SUN ShiYuan, LI YaNan, LIU YuLong, WANG YanQun, FU Xin, ZHANG JiaYing, NING Peng, PENG ZhengPing. Effects of Intelligent Mechanized Layered Fertilization on Root-Soil Nutrient Distribution and Yield in Wheat Fields[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(1): 129-146.

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地点 Location	土层 Soil layer (cm)	pH	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	铵态氮含量 NH₄⁺-N content (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮含量 NO₃^--N content (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷含量 Available P content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available K content (mg·kg^-1)
宁晋 Ningjin	0-20	8.35	1.41	11.8	8.65	13.7	12.9	84.2
宁晋 Ningjin	20-40	7.88	1.56	6.8	4.86	7.5	4.5	58.6
曲周 Quzhou	0-20	8.51	1.51	11.9	8.22	12.2	12.2	105.0
曲周 Quzhou	20-40	8.02	1.60	6.6	4.83	7.9	4.9	61.8

处理 Treatment	0—10 cm土层 0-10 cm soil layer		10—20 cm土层 10-20 cm soil layer		20—30 cm土层 20-30 cm soil layer		30—40 cm土层 30-40 cm soil layer		总重 Weight
处理 Treatment	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou
MF1	0.2965a	0.3054a	0.1612b	0.1614b	0.0564c	0.0547c	0.0241b	0.0258b	0.5382b	0.5473b
MF2	0.2871a	0.2936a	0.1597b	0.1547b	0.0518c	0.0523c	0.0235b	0.0259b	0.5221b	0.5265b
MF3	0.2847a	0.2813a	0.1832a	0.1888a	0.0588b	0.0583bc	0.0266b	0.0279b	0.5533b	0.5563b
MF4	0.2781a	0.2846a	0.1777a	0.1744a	0.0636b	0.0682b	0.0287b	0.0292ab	0.5481b	0.5564b
MF5	0.2783a	0.2896a	0.1754b	0.1674b	0.0777a	0.0791a	0.0321a	0.0343a	0.5635a	0.5704a
MF6	0.2712a	0.2872a	0.1782b	0.1663b	0.0792a	0.0806a	0.0338a	0.0357a	0.5624a	0.5698a

年份 Year	地点 Location	施肥 Fertilization	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥偏生产力 PFP_N(kg·kg^-1)	磷肥偏生产力 PFP_P(kg·kg^-1)	钾肥偏生产力 PFP_K(kg·kg^-1)
2022-2023	宁晋 Ningjin	MF1	6771.0bc	25.1c	69.5b	225.7a
		MF2	6619.8c	31.5b	73.6b	88.3c
		MF3	7217.7a	34.4a	80.2a	96.2b
		MF4	7139.7ab	34.0a	79.3a	95.2bc
		MF5	7444.9a	35.5a	82.7a	99.3b
		MF6	7385.8a	35.2a	82.1a	98.5b
	曲周 Quzhou	MF1	6996.9cd	25.9d	77.7d	116.6cd
		MF2	6901.2d	32.9c	76.7cd	115.0d
		MF3	7417.4abc	35.3ab	85.4abc	123.6abc
		MF4	7255.6bcd	34.6bc	80.6bcd	120.9bcd
		MF5	7666.5ab	36.5a	85.2ab	127.8ab
		MF6	7780.1.8a	37.1a	86.5a	129.7a
地点Location			**	**	***	***
施肥Fertilization			***	***	***	***
地点×施肥Location×Fertilization			ns	ns	ns	***
2023-2024	宁晋 Ningjin	MF1	7067.5c	26.2d	78.5c	235.6a
		MF2	6933.9c	33.0c	77.0c	92.5d
		MF3	7732.6b	36.8b	85.9b	103.1bc
		MF4	7690.1b	36.6b	85.4b	102.5c
		MF5	8151.4a	38.8a	90.6a	108.7b
		MF6	8136.1a	38.7a	90.4a	108.5b
	曲周 Quzhou	MF1	7437.8c	27.5d	76.3d	124.0c
		MF2	7317.4c	34.8c	81.3c	122.0c
		MF3	7993.9b	38.1b	88.8b	133.2b
		MF4	7963.1b	37.9b	88.5b	132.7b
		MF5	8331.4ab	39.7ab	92.6ab	138.9ab
		MF6	8485.4a	40.4a	94.3a	141.4a
地点Location			***	***	*	***
施肥Fertilization			***	***	***	***
地点×施肥Location×Fertilization			ns	ns	ns	***

地点 Location	施肥 Fertilization	Y1	Y2	Y3	Y4	Y5	Y6	Y7	Y8	得分 Score	排序 Order
宁晋 Ningjin	MF1	-0.554	0	0.034	0.002	0.010	0.020	0.008	-0.009	-0.488	5
	MF2	-0.558	-0.034	-0.035	0.013	-0.012	-0.026	0	0	-0.652	6
	MF3	0.144	0.072	-0.036	-0.025	0.012	0.024	-0.043	-0.009	0.139	4
	MF4	0.139	0.083	0.012	-0.024	-0.020	-0.009	0.021	0.029	0.230	3
	MF5	0.384	-0.080	0.024	0.021	-0.006	0.009	0	0	0.352	2
	MF6	0.445	-0.040	0.001	0.013	0.016	-0.018	0.013	-0.011	0.419	1
曲周 Quzhou	MF1	-0.532	0	0.032	0.003	0.013	0.022	0.009	-0.009	-0.462	5
	MF2	-0.537	-0.033	-0.033	0.015	-0.015	-0.028	0	0	-0.630	6
	MF3	0.139	0.068	-0.035	-0.030	0.015	0.025	-0.048	-0.009	0.125	4
	MF4	0.133	0.079	0.012	-0.028	-0.026	-0.010	0.024	0.028	0.212	3
	MF5	0.369	-0.076	0.023	0.025	-0.007	0.010	0	0	0.344	2
	MF6	0.428	-0.039	0.001	0.015	0.020	-0.019	0.015	-0.011	0.411	1

Effects of Intelligent Mechanized Layered Fertilization on Root-Soil Nutrient Distribution and Yield in Wheat Fields

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地点 Location	处理 Treatment	代号 Code	上层 Upper layer (0-8 cm)			中层 Middle layer (15-18 cm)			下层 Lower layer (25-28 cm)		追肥 Topdressing	总量 Total amount
地点 Location	处理 Treatment	代号 Code	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
宁晋 Ningjin	农民习惯 Farmer’s habit	MF1									162	270	97.5	30
	N₁P₁K₁	MF2	84	90	75						126	210	90	75
	N_1:1P_1:2K_1:2	MF3	42	30	25	42	60	50			126	210	90	75
	N_1:1P_1:2K_2:1:2	MF4	42	30	30	42	60	15		30	126	210	90	75
	N_1:1P_2:1:2K_1:2	MF5	42	36	25	42	18	50	36		126	210	90	75
	N_1:1P_2:1:2K_2:1:2	MF6	42	36	30	42	18	15	36	30	126	210	90	75
曲周 Quzhou	农民习惯 Farmer’s habit	MF1									162	270	90	60
	N₁P₁K₁	MF2	84	90	60						126	210	90	60
	N_1:1P_1:2K_1:2	MF3	42	30	20	42	60	40			126	210	90	60
	N_1:1P_1:2K_2:1:2	MF4	42	30	24	42	60	12		24	126	210	90	60
	N_1:1P_2:1:2K_1:2	MF5	42	36	20	42	18	40	36		126	210	90	60
	N_1:1P_2:1:2K_2:1:2	MF6	42	36	24	42	18	12	36	24	126	210	90	60

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