Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (3): 668-686.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.03.014

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Diets with Different Nutritional Levels on Maternal-Infant Integrated Production Performance and Rumen Microorganisms of Double-Lamb Shanbei White Cashmere Goats

JIA ZiCheng1(), QIN BingYu2, MA CaiYing3, DU Yong4, LIU TongGao5, XUE RuiLin6, WANG XiaoLong1(), ZHOU ShiWei1,2()   

  1. 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
    2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
    3 Hengshan District Sheep Industry Development Service Center, Hengshan 719000, Shaanxi
    4 Shaanxi Province Animal Husbandry Industry Experimental and Demonstration Center，Xi’an 710000
    5 Ningxia Animal Husbandry Workstation,Yinchuan 750000
    6 Yulin Ruixing Agricultural & Livestock Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxian 719200, Shaanxi
  • Received:2025-08-02 Accepted:2025-12-18 Online:2026-02-01 Published:2026-01-31
  • Contact: WANG XiaoLong, ZHOU ShiWei

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Abstract:

【Objective】Through studying the effects of diets with different nutritional levels on the production performance, serum biochemical parameters, milk composition, rumen microbial community structure and function, and lamb growth performance of Shaanbei white cashmere goats during the twin-bearing lactation period, this research aimed to provide the scientific evidence for establishing a precision nutrition supply technical system for twin-bearing lactating Shaanbei white cashmere goats, which would help reduce breeding costs, enhance economic efficiency, and improve the sustainable development capacity of the Shaanbei white cashmere goat industry. 【Method】This investigation established a precision feeding paradigm for twin-bearing Shaanbei white cashmere ewes during peak lactation through a multifactorial experimental design. Thirty-two genetically uniform primiparous ewes (2-3 years old, (46.60±1.45) kg) were stratified by parity and body weight, then randomly allocated to four dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. The ewes were respectively fed the basal diet (CON group), low nutritional level diet with a nutritional level of 112% of the basal diet (LEL group), medium nutritional level diet with a nutritional level of 124% of the basal diet (MEL group), and high nutritional level diet with a nutritional level of 136% of the basal diet (HEL group). Trial sheep were weighed for initial body weight (IBM) and final body weight (FBW) under fasting conditions before morning feeding at 0 and 90 days of the trial. Daily feed provided and residual feed were recorded during the trial period to calculate body weight gain (BWG), average daily gain (ADG), and dry matter intake (DMI). For ewes, estrus detection was performed twice daily starting from 45 days postpartum to record estrus timing. Pregnancy diagnosis was conducted via rectal ultrasonography 30 days after mating to calculate pregnancy rates. Lambs were weighed every two weeks after birth, and weaning days were recorded to calculate lamb ADG. From each group, 5 ewes were randomly selected to collect fasting venous blood samples at 0, 30, and 60 days postpartum for serum separation, respectively, and 10 serum biochemical parameters including triglycerides (TG) were measured. For the same batch of 5 ewes, manual milking (100 mL) was performed at 0, 30, and 60 days postpartum to analyze milk composition parameters, such as milk fat and milk protein. On the 60th day of the trial, before morning feeding, rumen fluid was collected from 6 randomly selected ewes per group for metagenomic analysis. 【Result】(1)The medium-energy diet group (MEL) demonstrated significantly higher maternal body weight gain compared with the other three groups (P<0.01), and alongside a markedly shorter postpartum estrus interval than the control group (CON), while both MEL and high-energy diet groups (HEL) exhibited significantly greater average daily gain (ADG) and earlier weaning ages in their lambs compared with CON and low-energy diet groups (LEL) (P<0.01). (2) At 60 days postpartum, MEL ewes showed significantly elevated serum glucose (GLU) concentrations (P<0.05) and both MEL/HEL groups displayed significantly higher lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL) compared with CON/LEL groups (P<0.05). (3) Milk analysis revealed significantly increased fat and protein contents in MEL/HEL groups (P<0.05) with HEL milk showing exceptionally elevated urea nitrogen levels (P<0.05). (4) Metagenomic profiling showed no alpha diversity differences (Ace, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices) among groups (P>0.05) but principal coordinate analysis revealed significant structural variations in rumen microbiota composition (P<0.05). Notable taxonomic shifts included higher Bacteroidota abundance in CON vs. HEL (P<0.05) and greater Bacillota abundance in HEL vs. CON (P<0.05), with HEL group exhibiting significantly elevated Selenomonas genera compared with CON/LEL (P<0.05). Functional analyses demonstrated nutrient-level dependent effects: KEGG pathway enrichment for Two-component system and Flagellar assembly in higher-nutrient diets (MEL/HEL) contrasted with Nucleotide metabolism and Carbon fixation pathway enrichment in lower-nutrient diets (CON/LEL) at level 3 (P<0.05). Carbohydrate-active enzyme profiling revealed progressive reductions in GH28, GH2, and CBM13 genes (P<0.05) with increasing dietary energy density, paralleled by significant enrichments in CBM43, GT9, and GT41 genes (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】In conclusion, the optimal diet for lactating Shaanbei white cashmere goats was the medium nutritional level diet group (MEL) (metabolizable energy: 9.91 MJ·kg-1, crude protein: 10.64%).

Key words: Shanbei White Cashmere Goat, twin ewes, lactation period, dietary energy and protein levels, production performance, metagenome

Table 1

Composition and nutrition levels of experimental diets (air dry basis, %)"

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
CON LEL MEL HEL
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 27.30 32.30 38.26 40.00
豆粕 Soybean meal 3.72 1.25 2.08
红枣 Date meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
麸皮 Wheat bran 12.89 12.00 9.87 10.00
花生秸秆 Peanut seedling 13.96 9.48
苜蓿 Alfalfa hay 5.00 26.88 33.71
玉米秸秆 Corn straw 33.85 35.00 16.29 4.81
豆油 Soybean meal 1.00 3.00
磷酸钙 Ca3(PO4)2 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.40
食盐 NaCl 0.50 1.00
预混料 Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
干物质 DM 90.49 90.28 90.34 90.78
代谢能 ME/(MJ·kg-1) 8.00 8.96 9.91 10.58
粗蛋白质 CP 8.59 9.51 10.64 11.68
粗脂肪 EE 1.72 2.04 3.34 4.91
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 22.88 21.44 19.60 18.09
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 43.20 38.90 34.05 30.22
钙 Ca 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.66
磷 P 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36
钙磷比 Ca/P 1.83 1.88 1.86 1.83
价格(Yuan/kg) 1.32 1.48 1.57 1.67

Table 2

Nutrient intake of ewes (kg·d-1)"

项目
Items		 营养水平Nutrition levels
CON LEL MEL HEL
粗蛋白CP 0.120 0.133 0.149 0.163
粗脂肪EE 0.024 0.029 0.047 0.069
中性洗涤纤维NDF 0.605 0.545 0.477 0.423
非纤维性碳水化合物NFC 0.574 0.617 0.651 0.667

Table 3

Impact of dietary nutrient gradients on reproductive and productive traits in ewes"

项目
Items		 营养水平 Nutrition levels SEM P值
P value
CON LEL MEL HEL
干物质采食 DMI/(kg·d-1) 1.40 1.42 1.40 1.41 — —
初始体重 IBM (kg) 46.60 46.60 46.60 46.60 0.762 1.000
末始体重 FBW (kg) 42.54 43.00 44.72 43.57 0.904 0.113
体增重 BWG (kg) -4.07b -3.60b -1.87a -3.03b 0.495 0.001
发情间隔 Heat interval (d) 86.25a 82.00ab 77.38b 81.00ab 2.531 0.015
产后发情率 Postpartum estrus rate (%) 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 — —
妊娠率 Rate of pregnancy (%) 37.50 37.50 62.50 50.00 — —

Table 4

Impact of dietary nutrient gradients on the growth performance of lambs"

项目
Items		 营养水平 Nutrition levels SEM P值
P value
LEL CON MEL HEL
羔羊初生重 Birth weight of lamb (kg) 2.405 2.433 2.429 2.410 0.091 0.987
羔羊平均日增重 ADG (kg·d-1) 0.136b 0.135b 0.145a 0.143a 0.003 0.001
羔羊断奶日龄 Weaning age of lamb (d) 56.313a 56.125a 52.188b 53.250b 1.141 0.001
羔羊成活率 Lamb survival rate (%) 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 — —

Table 5

Impact of dietary nutrient gradients on serum biochemical indexes of ewes"

项目
Items		 时间
Time (d)		 营养水平Nutrition levels SEM P值
P value
CON LEL MEL HEL
葡萄糖
GLU (mg·d-1)		 0 3.30 3.35 3.21 3.10 0.125 0.230
30 3.45 3.61 3.72 3.59 0.142 0.323
60 3.52b 3.56b 4.07a 3.68b 0.145 0.006
总蛋白
TP (g·L-1)		 0 64.12 64.28 64.48 65.92 1.491 0.615
30 68.30 69.78 69.92 69.28 1.108 0.474
60 69.12 69.86 69.22 68.92 0.990 0.797
白蛋白
ALB (g·L-1)		 0 29.70 29.72 29.30 29.10 0.621 0.687
30 30.14 29.26 29.14 29.44 0.492 0.217
60 29.62 30.08 28.76 29.68 0.582 0.184
总胆固醇
TC (mmol·L-1)		 0 2.50 2.44 2.42 2.32 0.159 0.722
30 2.66 2.43 2.57 2.47 0.175 0.561
60 2.50b 2.53b 2.77a 2.74a 0.096 0.018
谷丙转氨酶
ALT (U·L-1)		 0 16.20 15.96 14.54 14.52 1.269 0.415
30 16.12 15.82 16.94 16.88 0.945 0.569
60 18.52 18.34 19.80 18.99 0.808 0.275
谷草转氨酶
AST (U·L-1)		 0 88.54 87.14 85.72 91.82 5.343 0.702
30 95.76 85.08 84.24 95.14 5.913 0.124
60 82.26 85.10 84.46 93.06 4.806 0.166
甘油三脂
TG (mmol·L-1)		 0 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.008 0.223
30 0.27 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.015 0.159
60 0.24b 0.24b 0.28a 0.28a 0.016 0.013
高密度脂蛋白
HDL (mmol·L-1)		 0 1.46 1.43 1.41 1.49 0.092 0.828
30 1.41 1.51 1.38 1.45 0.106 0.651
60 1.38b 1.39b 1.50a 1.51a 0.050 0.031
低密度脂蛋白
LDL (mmol·L-1)		 0 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.51 0.036 0.693
30 0.57 0.64 0.63 0.54 0.053 0.288
60 0.53b 0.53b 0.58a 0.59a 0.021 0.022
尿素氮
UN (mmol·L-1)		 0 6.23 6.17 6.13 6.42 0.333 0.824
30 6.07 5.95 5.99 6.17 0.197 0.706
60 5.55 5.76 5.59 5.63 0.196 0.740

Table 6

Impact of dietary nutrient gradients on milk composition of ewes"

项目
Items		 时间
Time (d)		 营养水平Nutrition levels SEM P值
P value
CON LEL MEL HEL
乳脂含量
Milk fat content (%)		 0 5.66 6.14 5.40 5.76 0.475 0.499
30 6.14 6.05 6.28 6.22 0.276 0.857
60 5.77b 5.81b 6.20a 6.30a 0.172 0.013
乳蛋白含量
Milk protein content (%)		 0 4.86 5.28 4.95 5.20 0.418 0.722
30 4.57 4.53 4.62 4.70 0.108 0.439
60 3.83b 3.93b 4.48a 4.58a 0.243 0.013
乳糖含量
Milk lactose content (%)		 0 5.17 5.11 4.97 5.36 0.243 0.462
30 4.95 4.99 5.00 5.26 0.258 0.637
60 4.90 4.84 4.84 5.02 0.201 0.777
乳总固形物含
TS content (%)		 0 15.49 16.05 17.30 16.02 0.880 0.246
30 17.39 16.85 16.76 15.66 1.342 0.637
60 16.66 16.68 17.08 18.37 1.842 0.766
乳尿素氮含量
Milk urea nitrogen content (mg·dL-1)		 0 20.10 19.20 18.36 18.24 1.053 0.295
30 22.04 22.28 22.90 21.72 2.444 0.968
60 23.40b 23.16b 23.08b 25.30a 0.778 0.035

Table 7

Metagenomic sequencing statistical results"

组别
Groups		 样品名称
Sample name		 有效序列数据量
Valid sequence data volume (M)		 Q20
(%)		 Q30
(%)		 GC含量
GC content (%)
CON CON1 8.46 99.62 98.01 49.27
CON2 10.75 99.56 97.83 50.55
CON3 10.18 99.63 98.05 48.62
CON4 8.62 99.61 97.98 50.16
CON5 8.32 99.60 97.99 48.89
CON6 8.59 99.61 97.97 50.49
LEL LEL1 9.28 99.64 98.10 45.94
LEL2 8.70 99.61 97.97 50.71
LEL3 9.71 99.61 97.97 51.75
LEL4 9.49 99.65 98.11 44.43
LEL5 10.12 99.62 98.02 48.27
LEL6 10.28 99.61 97.97 50.55
MEL MEL1 9.33 99.62 98.03 49.02
MEL2 8.31 99.62 98.04 46.96
MEL3 9.79 99.59 97.90 48.32
MEL4 8.82 99.58 97.88 52.01
MEL5 11.08 99.59 97.91 48.75
MEL6 8.87 99.60 97.96 48.81
HEL HEL1 9.39 99.59 97.96 47.73
HEL2 8.47 99.61 97.97 48.00
HEL3 9.09 99.61 98.00 48.60
HEL4 9.85 99.62 98.00 47.61
HEL5 8.86 99.62 97.98 48.66
HEL6 9.46 99.60 97.95 49.59

Fig. 1

Rumen bacterial species Venn diagram"

Fig. 2

Impact of dietary nutrient gradients on the diversity of rumen microbiota in goats A: Alpha-diversity comparisons in the rumen microbiota among the different groups; B: PCoA analysis based on the Bray_Curtis distance of bacterial community"

Fig. 3

Impact of dietary nutrient gradients on rumen microbial composition A: Taxonomic proportion of phylum-level community abundance; B: Taxonomic proportion of genus-level community abundance; C: Taxonomic proportion of species-level community abundance; D: Top 10 dominant Phylum variation; E: Top 10 dominant genera variation; F: Top 10 dominant species variation"

Fig. 4

Impact of dietary nutrient gradients on KEGG metabolic pathway of rumen microorganisms in goat A: Level 1 metabolic pathway abundance ratio stacked column graph; B: Level 2 Metabolic pathway abundance ratio stacked column graph; C: Differential abundance profiling of level 3 metabolic routes: Visualization of Top 10 Pathways"

Fig. 5

Effects of different dietary nutrient levels on abundance of Cazy gene in rumen microorganisms of goats A: Level 1 level difference test analysis histogram; B: Level 2 level difference test analysis histogram"

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