Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (21): 4485-4496.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.016

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Pedigree Analysis and Breeding Inspiration of Apple Cultivars in China

DONG ZhiDan1(),SONG ShangWei1(),SONG ChunHui1,ZHENG XianBo1,JIAO Jian1,WANG MiaoMiao1,YAN ZhenLi2,ZHANG RuiPing2,BAI TuanHui1()   

  1. 1College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002
    2Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009
  • Received:2020-05-19 Accepted:2020-08-19 Online:2020-11-01 Published:2020-11-11
  • Contact: TuanHui BAI E-mail:zhidandong@163.com;songshw95@163.com;tuanhuibai88@163.com

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Abstract:

In order to comprehensively summarize the apple breeding achievements in the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the information on the parent composition, parent selection and characteristics of 273 apple cultivars (excluding rootstock) in China from 1951 to 2019 were collected and systematically analyzed, and the pedigree diagram of these cultivars was drawn. Among 273 apple cultivars, most were obtained by hybridization (145, 53.11%), followed by bud sports (111, 40.65%), seedling selection (15, 5.50%) and mutation (2, 0.73%). According to the skin color, the cultivars with red skin were the most (240, 87.91%), the number of green and yellow skin were 19 (6.96%) and 14 (5.13%), respectively. According to the average fruit mass, the percentages of big size (≥200 g), middle size (100-200 g) and small size (≥100 g) fruits were 57.14%, 35.53% and 7.73%, respectively. The percentages of the early, middle and late maturity were 24.54%, 32.97% and 42.49%, respectively. Among the 273 apple cultivars, 83 (30.40%) were long-storage, 78 (28.57%) cold-resistant, 34 (12.45%) spur-type, 8 (2.93%) columnar and 4 (1.47%) red-flesh cultivars. 262 apple cultivars with known parents were bred from 103 parents, including 3 local, 63 abroad and 37 derived cultivars. Pedigree analysis revealed that Fuji, Golden Delicious, Delicious and Gala were backbone parents used for apple breeding, with 104, 64, 36 and 24 cultivars, respectively. Hybridization and bud mutation were the main methods to apple breeding and the combinations with both parents from different geographical area or having great botanical characteristic difference always had strong heterosis. On the basis of these, the problems in apple breeding were analyzed, and the application of biotechnology in pedigree analysis was also prospected. This paper provided a useful reference for making the breeding plan and selecting parents of apple in the future.

Key words: apple, released variety, pedigree analysis, parental selection, backbone parents

Table 1

Quantitative statistics of apple cultivars cultivated in China through different breeding methods"

父母本来源
Parental
information		 育种方式
Breeding method		 品种数量 Number of varieties 小计
Total
审定
Approval		 鉴定
Identification		 认定
Examination		 品权
Right		 登记
Registration		 备案
Record		 其他
Other
清楚
Known


 杂交 Cross breeding 70 35 0 5 12 13 10 145
芽变Bud sport breeding 50 24 2 0 24 1 4 105
实生 Seedling selection 6 2 0 0 0 0 2 10
诱变Mutation breeding 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
小计 Total 127 61 2 5 36 14 17 262
不清楚
Unknown		 杂交 Cross breeding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
芽变Bud sport breeding 0 2 0 0 3 1 0 6
实生 Seedling selection 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 5
诱变 Mutation breeding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
小计 Total 1 4 0 0 4 1 1 11

Table 2

The generation distribution of 262 Chinese apple cultivars with known parents"

育种方式
Breeding method		 第1代 First generation 第2代 Second generation 第3代 Third generation 小计 Total
数量Number % 数量Number % 数量Number % 数量Number %
杂交 Cross breeding 98 37.40 44 16.79 3 1.15 145 55.34
芽变Bud sport breeding 86 32.82 19 7.25 0 0.00 105 40.08
实生 Seedling selection 10 3.82 0 0.00 0 0.00 10 3.82
诱变 Mutation breeding 1 0.38 1 0.38 0 0.00 2 0.76
小计 Total 195 74.43 64 24.43 3 1.15 262 100.00

Table 3

Statistical analysis of maturity, pericarp color and fruit weight of 273 apple cultivars in China from 1951 to 2019"

育种方式
Breeding method		 成熟期Maturity 果皮颜色Pericarp color 单果重Fruit weight
早熟
Early		 中熟
Medium		 晚熟
Late		 红
Red		 黄
Yellow		 绿
Green		 大
Big		 中
Medium		 小
Small
杂交Cross 44 57 44 120 11 14 62 66 17
芽变Bud sport 18 29 64 109 0 2 88 20 3
实生Seedling 5 3 7 10 3 2 5 10 0
诱变Mutation 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
小计Total 67 90 116 240 14 19 156 97 20
百分比 Percentage (%) 24.54 32.97 42.49 87.91 5.13 6.96 57.14 35.53 7.33

Table 4

Statistical analysis of cold resistance, storabillity and tree shape of 273 apple cultivars bred in China from 1951 to 2019"

育种方式 Breeding method 耐贮藏 Storability 抗寒 Cold resistant 短枝型 Spur-type 柱型 Columnar 红肉 Red flesh
杂交Cross 52 57 3 8 4
芽变Bud sport 25 20 30 0 0
实生Seeding 5 1 0 0 0
诱变Mutation 1 0 1 0 0
小计Total 83 78 34 8 4
百分比 Percentage (%) 30.40 28.57 12.45 2.93 1.47

Table 5

First generation numbers of apple cultivars derived from important original ancestors"

原始品种来源
The sources of final ancestor		 原始品种名称
Name of final ancestors		 衍生出的第一代品种数
First generation number of apple variety
中国地方品种
Local varieties in China		 东光 Dongguang 8
鸡冠 Jiguan 3
花红 Huahong 1
国外品种
Cultivated varieties of foreign Country		 金冠 Golden Delicious 42
富士 Fuji 37
长富2号 Changfu 2 29
特拉蒙 Telamon 15
元帅 Delicious 14
国光 Ralls 13
红星 Starking Delicious 12
红玉 Jonathan 11
嘎拉 Gala 10
皇家嘎拉 Royal Gala 7
新红星Starkrimson Delicious 6
惠 Megumi 6
铃铛果 Lingdangguo 5
美八 Meiba 5
祝光 American Summer 5
国内外衍生品种
Derived varieties at home and abroad		 秦冠 Qinguan 7
华富 Huafu 5
金红 Jinhong 5
烟富3号 Yanfu 3 5
华冠 Huaguan 4
紫红1号（CSR6R6）Zihong 1 3
寒富Hanfu 3
玉华早富Yuhuazaofu 3
辽伏Liaofu 3
秋红Qiuhong 3

Table 6

Source of parents and parental combinations of apple cultivars bred in China"

亲本来源国家 Country of parents 组合 Combination 数量 Number 百分率 Percentage (%)
相同Same 中国品种×中国品种 China varieties×China varieties 11 7.80
外国品种×外国品种Foreign varieties×Foreign varieties 82 58.16
小计Total 93 65.96
不相同Different 中国品种×外国品种China varieties×Foreign varieties 21 14.89
外国品种×中国品种Foreign varieties×China varieties 27 19.14
小计Total 48 34.04

Fig. 1

Pedigree of parents Fuji and derivative cultivars"

Fig. 2

Pedigree of parents Golden Delicious and derivative cultivars"

Fig. 3

Pedigree of parents Delicious and derivative cultivars"

Fig. 4

Pedigree of parents Gala and derivative cultivars"

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