Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (11): 2405-2419.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.11.008

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects and Dominant Controlling Factors of the Combined Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Elevating Soil Fertility and Maize Yield in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

LI Chang1,2(), REN FengLing2,3, ZHANG LuPing2, WANG ShuHui2, QIAO Lei2, SUN Nan2(), XU MingGang1,2()   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
    2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Beijing 100081
    3 Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012
  • Received:2025-10-16 Accepted:2025-11-26 Online:2026-06-01 Published:2026-06-03
  • Contact: SUN Nan, XU MingGang

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Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to elucidate the impacts and dominant factors of combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers with manure (NPKM) and manure alone (M), compared with application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers (NPK), on soil properties and maize yield across different soil types, soil textures, soil pH levels, and initial SOC contents, to provide a scientific basis for mitigating black soil degradation and promoting high and stable maize yields.【Method】Based on 75 published studies and 477 paired datasets regarding the effects of fertilization on soil fertility and maize yield, this study employed a meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the impacts of NPKM and M treatments (relative to NPK) on soil physicochemical and biological properties and maize yield of the black soil in Northeast China, considering soil types, textures, pH levels, and initial SOC contents. Furthermore, principal component analysis and a random forest model were employed to identify the relative importance of different soil properties in determining the soil fertility index and maize yields.【Result】Compared with NPK, NPKM significantly reduced soil bulk density (BD) by 6.2%, with the largest reduction in pH<6.5 (12.3%). The NPKM treatment increased SOC by 24.0%, with the highest increase (30.6%) when initial SOC was less than 20 g·kg-1. It also enhanced AN, AP, and AK, with larger increments under pH 6.5-7.0. Regarding maize yield, NPKM increased it by more than 25% on average, with the largest increase (43.7%) at pH 6.5-7.0. The M treatment increased SOC by an average of 21.1%, with the greatest increase (42.5%) at low initial SOC, but its enhancing effect gradually weakened as the initial SOC content increased. Overall, the effect of the M treatment was weaker than that of NPKM, and under some conditions, it even reduced total phosphorus (TP) by 12.6% and total potassium (TK) by 3.7%. The soil fertility indices for NPKM and M treatments were 0.7 and 0.6, respectively, both indicating a high fertility level. The PCA and random forest analyses showed that SOC was the core driver of increasing maize yield. The increment of maize yield under NPKM was primarily dependent on SOC, TN, SMBC, and BD, with a cumulative explanatory rate of 60.2%. In contrast, the yield increase under M was mainly dependent on SOC, BD, pH, SMBC, and SMBN with a cumulative explanatory rate of 63.7%.【Conclusion】In the black soil region of Northeast China, NPKM significantly reduced BD and enhanced SOC, nutrient availability, microbial biomass, and maize yield, having a more comprehensive effect than that under M. Our study demonstrated that NPKM was more effective for improving soil fertility and securing high and stable maize yields. It also identified SOC as the key driver of soil fertility and maize yield under NPKM treatment, and concluded that this fertilization method is the optimal approach for enhancing black soil fertility and achieving high and stable maize yields. Additionally, NPKM represented an effective strategy for enhancing soil fertility, preventing degradation, ensuring food security, and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: fertilization regime, maize yield, soil fertility index, black soil, meta-analysis

Table 1

Distribution of experimental sites in the black soil region of Northeast China"

省份
Province		 试验点数量
Number of experimental sites
黑龙江省Heilongjiang Province 37
吉林省Jilin Province 20
辽宁省Liaoning Province 28
内蒙古自治区
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region		 5

Table 2

Classification and grouping of soil fertility indicators and maize yield under different fertilization regimes"

解释变量
Categorical explanatory variables		 分组
Groups
施肥方式
Fertilization		 单施化肥NPK
化肥有机肥配施NPKM
单施有机肥M
土壤类型
Soil types		 黑土 Black soil
棕壤Brown soil
土壤质地
Soil textures		 壤土Loam
黏土Clay
土壤pH水平
Soil pH levels		 酸性Acidic（pH<6.5）
中性Neutral（pH 6.5-7.5）
碱性Alkaline（pH>7.5）
起始SOC含量
Initial SOC contents		 较低水平Low SOC level
SOC<20 g·kg-1
中水平Moderate SOC level
SOC 20-30 g·kg-1
较高水平High SOC level
SOC>30 g·kg-1

Fig. 1

Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil bulk density under varying soil types, soil textures, soil pH, and initial SOC contents compared with NPK treatment"

Fig. 2

Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil chemical indicators under varying soil types, soil textures, soil pH, and initial SOC contents compared with NPK treatment"

Fig. 3

Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil microbial biomass carbon (a) and microbial biomass nitrogen (b) under varying soil types, soil textures, soil pH, and initial SOC contents compared with NPK treatment"

Fig. 4

Effects of different fertilization treatments on maize yield under varying soil types, soil textures, soil pH, and initial SOC contents compared with NPK treatment"

Fig. 5

Comprehensive soil fertility index and weights of major contributing factors under different fertilization treatment"

Fig. 6

Importance of soil fertility indicators for maize yield under different fertilization treatments"

Fig. 7

Relationship between soil fertility index and maize yield under NPKM and M treatments"

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