Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (8): 1760-1774.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.08.012

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Polyphenolic Diversity and Genotypic Analysis of Tea Plants with Different Parents and Their F1 Progeny

YAO Lin1,2,3(), PENG LüWen1,2,3, YANG Hong1,2,3, RAO JiaYi1,2,3, GAO HaoRan1,2,3, TAO QianYi1,2,3, XIE NianCi2, CHEN YingYu2, LI SaiJun2,*(), LIU ShuoQian1,3,*(), HUANG FeiYi2,3,4,*()   

  1. 1 College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128
    2 Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Tea Plant Improvement Centre Hunan Branch/National Small-Leaf Tea Germplasm Resource Nursery (Changsha), Changsha 410000
    3 Yuelu Mountain Laboratory, Changsha 410000
    4 Hunan Provincial Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410007
  • Received:2025-12-01 Accepted:2026-01-27 Online:2026-04-16 Published:2026-04-21
  • Contact: LI SaiJun, LIU ShuoQian, HUANG FeiYi

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Abstract:

【Objective】To investigate the genetic diversity of polyphenolic compounds in tea plant parents and their F1 progeny, and to elucidate variations in polyphenolic composition among different hybrid combinations, as well as the population structure and genetic relationships of their genotypes, thereby providing support for parental selection and quality improvement in tea plant breeding.【Method】Twelve parental tea plant samples and 87 F1 progenies were used as experimental materials. Twelve polyphenolic polyphenolic indices were determined during 2024-2025, and multidimensional evaluations were performed using methods including systematic clustering, hybrid combination difference analysis, and population structure analysis. 【Result】The coefficients of variation for polyphenols varied between 14.50% and 89.34%. Notably, Strictinin (STR), 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose (1,2,6-TGG), epigallocatechin 3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3″Me), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), and catechin gallate (CG) exhibited high coefficients of variation of 89.34%, 66.45%, 64.22%, 59.34%, and 58.12%, respectively. The Shannon Wiener indices ranged from 1.86 to 4.57, with the highest indices observed for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), trigalloyl quinuclidinic acid (TH), and gallocatechin gallate (GCG), which were 4.57, 4.45, and 4.23, respectively. In the differential analysis of polyphenolic compounds, the F1 progeny resulting from the cross between HJC and AH demonstrated higher levels of catechin gallate (CG) and trigalloylquinic acid (TH) compared to both parental lines. While the levels of epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3"Me) were consistent with those of the parents. Using polyphenol cluster analysis, the 99 samples were grouped into five clusters: Group Ⅰ contained 49 samples, Group Ⅱ contained 26 samples, Group Ⅲ contained 20 samples, and Group Ⅳ and Ⅴ each contained 2 samples. Analysis of population structure based on SNP loci classified the 12 parental lines and 87 F1 offspring into three groups: Group Ⅰ comprised 46 accessions, Group Ⅱ comprised 31 accessions, and Group Ⅲ comprised 22 accessions. Notably, Group Ⅰ consisted entirely of the parental line HJC and its F1 offspring sired by this male parent. The levels of genetic diversity among the three groups were similar. The results of the kinship analysis show that the F1 offspring are more closely related to their paternal parent (♂).【Conclusion】The 99 tea plant accessions exhibited rich genetic diversity. Biochemical component-based clustering divided the 99 tea plant accessions into five groups. CG and TH may exhibit overdominant heterosis, while EGCG3"Me exhibited a largely consistent accumulation pattern between the parental lines and their F1 progeny, with no evident transgressive segregation or pronounced non-additive effects. Biochemical profiling grouped the 99 tea accessions into five groups, while SNP-based population structure identified three genetically similar subpopulations. Genome-wide analyses also revealed that, in the majority of crosses, F1 progeny exhibited greater similarity to the paternal parent.

Key words: tea plants, hybridisation, polyphenolic constituents, genotype, genetic diversity

Table 1

Polyphenolic compounds statistics and genetic diversity of tea germplasm resources"

生化成分
Biochemical components 		最小值
Min		 最大值
Max		 平均值
Mean		 标准差
SD		 变异系数
CV (%)		 香农维纳指数
H'
没食子儿茶素GC (mg·g-1) 1.00 4.90 2.16 0.74 37.05 3.91
表没食子儿茶素EGC (mg·g-1) 1.23 32.75 14.13 5.56 44.33 4.12
儿茶素C (mg·g-1) 0.29 2.75 1.29 0.45 32.15 3.88
表儿茶素EC (mg·g-1) 2.99 11.72 5.61 1.59 31.20 4.01
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯EGCG (mg·g-1) 62.50 129.13 93.10 13.92 16.28 4.57
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯GCG (mg·g-1) 1.47 28.60 11.67 7.06 59.34 4.23
表儿茶素没食子酸酯ECG (mg·g-1) 14.70 39.64 28.22 5.49 24.50 4.18
儿茶素没食子酸酯CG (mg·g-1) 0.09 2.98 1.04 0.63 58.12 3.26
小木麻黄STR (mg·g-1) 0.70 18.03 6.24 4.35 89.34 3.57
三没食子酰基奎宁酸TH (mg·g-1) 27.94 93.01 60.65 13.16 20.18 4.45
1,2,6-三没食子酰基葡萄糖1,2,6-TGG (mg·g-1) 0.02 5.28 0.87 0.66 66.45 2.99
表儿茶素3-O-(3-O-甲基)没食子酸酯EGCG3"Me (mg·g-1) 0.30 6.53 2.19 1.27 64.22 3.35
酯型儿茶素Ester catechins (mg·g-1) 101.20 176.21 133.92 17.11 15.00 2.18
非酯型儿茶素Non-ester catechins (mg·g-1) 8.75 49.82 23.78 7.84 33.33 1.86
儿茶素总量Total catechins (mg·g-1) 118.85 200.52 157.56 19.12 14.50 2.20
平均值Mean 40.40 3.52

Fig. 1

Analysis of polyphenolic compounds in F1 hybrids of hjc as the male parent and various female parents *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001. The same as below"

Fig. 2

Trend chart of polyphenol content in F1 hybrids resulting from crosses between HJC (paternal parent) and different maternal parents"

Table 2

Analysis of polyphenolic compounds in F1 hybrids resulting from crosses between HJC as the male parent and various female parents"

生化成分
Biochemical components 		父本
Paternal parent HJC (♂)		 母本Maternal parent (♀) 杂交组合Hybrid combination (♀×♂)
BXZ AH FD BHZ TGY BXZ×HJC AH×HJC FD×HJC BHZ×HJC TGY×HJC
没食子儿茶素GC (mg·g-1) 1.91 1.78 2.18 1.12 1.68 2.13 2.03 2.45 1.80 1.84 2.50
表没食子儿茶素EGC (mg·g-1) 32.75 18.85 5.11 20.32 25.51 13.95 13.42 12.94 12.93 12.00 17.68
儿茶素C (mg·g-1) 1.46 0.45 0.29 1.08 1.11 1.24 1.51 1.48 1.13 1.09 1.18
表儿茶素EC (mg·g-1) 8.64 5.56 3.96 7.70 9.75 4.71 5.66 5.81 5.35 5.59 5.06
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯
EGCG (mg·g-1)		 98.52 123.39 119.62 112.29 96.94 129.13 90.55 93.36 83.32 85.96 97.16
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯
GCG (mg·g-1)		 11.10 6.85 12.99 7.11 9.83 4.31 14.09 18.27 15.78 8.49 6.64
表儿茶素没食子酸酯ECG (mg·g-1) 26.54 25.63 22.4 30.21 28.13 21.43 31.33 27.91 26.90 29.27 21.82
儿茶素没食子酸酯CG (mg·g-1) 0.30 0.12 0.30 0.77 0.52 0.26 1.17 1.15 0.80 1.24 0.76
小木麻黄素STR (mg·g-1) 1.23 3.91 13.39 8.01 14.18 4.95 3.98 3.17 2.66 5.28 3.48
三没食子酰基奎宁酸TH (mg·g-1) 41.43 47.14 49.32 50.93 45.82 41.26 66.94 61.58 55.21 58.70 59.77
1,2,6-三没食子酰基葡萄糖1,2,6-TGG (mg·g-1) 2.12 0.04 1.43 5.28 1.45 0.82 0.71 0.96 0.54 0.71 0.82
表儿茶素3-O-(3-O-甲基)
没食子酸酯EGCG3"Me (mg·g-1)		 0.89 0.92 2.25 1.28 0.45 1.70 1.80 1.71 1.26 1.73 3.05

Fig. 3

Analysis of polyphenolic compounds in F1 hybrids of ah as the female parent and various male parents"

Fig. 4

Trend chart of polyphenolic compounds in F1 progeny from crosses between AH (maternal line) and different paternal lines"

Table 3

Analysis of polyphenolic compounds in F1 hybrids of AH as the female parent and various male parents"

生化成分
Biochemical components		 母本
Maternal
parent AH (♀)		 父本Paternal parent (♂) 杂交组合Hybrid combination (♀×♂)
WLZ YS HJC LJCY AH×WLZ AH×YS AH×HJC AH×LJCY
没食子儿茶素GC (mg·g-1) 2.18 2.46 1.68 1.91 1.58 1.92 3.50 2.45 3.15
表没食子儿茶素EGC (mg·g-1) 5.11 30.53 21.29 32.75 18.48 20.51 17.95 12.92 10.91
儿茶素C (mg·g-1) 0.29 2.25 1.39 1.46 1.52 1.38 1.61 1.48 1.71
表儿茶素EC (mg·g-1) 3.96 11.71 7.38 8.64 5.92 6.98 7.38 5.81 5.30
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯EGCG (mg·g-1) 119.62 97.65 118.36 98.52 105.87 101.43 94.12 93.36 86.13
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯GCG (mg·g-1) 12.99 3.77 17.98 11.10 11.48 12.23 8.94 18.27 12.66
表儿茶素没食子酸酯ECG (mg·g-1) 22.40 36.17 32.00 26.54 35.55 30.42 31.46 27.91 32.01
儿茶素没食子酸酯CG (mg·g-1) 0.30 0.23 0.45 0.30 0.55 2.22 1.62 1.15 1.51
小木麻黄素STR (mg·g-1) 13.39 9.59 12.80 1.23 14.14 14.75 6.50 3.17 13.16
三没食子酰基奎宁酸TH (mg·g-1) 49.32 27.94 57.13 41.43 49.26 51.74 59.94 61.58 59.36
1,2,6-三没食子酰基葡萄糖 1,2,6-TGG (mg·g-1) 1.43 1.94 0.02 2.12 1.25 0.99 1.48 0.96 0.95
表儿茶素3-O-(3-O-甲基)没食子酸酯EGCG3"Me (mg·g-1) 2.25 4.70 0.30 0.89 3.25 3.91 2.61 1.71 2.73

Fig. 5

Clustering of 12 parents as well as 87 F1 progeny The names of the varieties shown in the diagram correspond to those in Supplementary Table 1"

Table 4

Comparison of polyphenolic compounds among different groups"

生化成分
Biochemical components		 第Ⅰ类群Group Ⅰ 变异系数CV (%) 第Ⅱ类群Group Ⅱ 变异系数CV (%) 第Ⅲ类群Group Ⅲ 变异系数CV (%) 第Ⅳ类群Group Ⅳ 变异系数CV (%) 第Ⅴ类群Group Ⅴ 变异系数CV (%)
没食子儿茶素GC (mg·g-1) 2.01±0.69 38.31 2.30±0.84 36.02 2.27±0.68 29.15 3.03±0.46 15.13 2.19±0.39 17.75
表没食子儿茶素
EGC (mg·g-1)		 12.07±3.78 37.53 16.41±6.03 37.71 14.84±4.80 34.91 10.60±2.09 19.68 31.64±1.57 4.95
儿茶素C (mg·g-1) 1.21±0.42 34.92 1.22±0.40 34.88 1.47±0.51 34.23 1.50±0.36 24.13 1.85±0.56 30.26
表儿茶素EC (mg·g-1) 5.37±1.31 28.28 5.85±1.55 30.51 5.52±1.64 31.02 4.66±0.28 6.07 10.18±2.18 21.43
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯EGCG* (mg·g-1) 83.35±9.28 14.99 106.41±10.65 10.96 98.24±10.26 11.52 102.43±3.81 3.72 98.08±0.62 0.63
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯
GCG (mg·g-1)		 27.75±5.24 60.93 27.61±5.12 67.86 29.34±6.56 65.41 33.34±2.05 24.08 31.35±6.18 69.60
表儿茶素没食子酸酯
ECG (mg·g-1)		 11.68±5.88 19.25 10.23±6.50 19.91 11.69±7.07 21.74 34.46±8.30 6.15 7.44±5.18 21.74
儿茶素没食子酸酯
CG (mg·g-1)		 1.17±0.64 59.13 0.75±0.61 82.35 1.17±0.53 54.31 1.31±0.07 5.00 0.26±0.05 18.24
小木麻黄素STR (mg·g-1) 5.78±4.09 69.91 6.97±5.22 68.38 6.97±3.65 56.91 1.35±0.67 49.45 5.41±5.91 109.43
三没食子酰基奎宁酸
TH* (mg·g-1)		 56.39±8.65 18.55 54.67±7.03 13.40 78.42±6.17 9.22 90.94±3.93 3.22 34.68±9.53 27.49
1,2,6-三没食子酰基葡萄糖
1,2,6-TGG* (mg·g-1)		 0.73±0.41 61.73 1.17±1.01 100.00 0.72±0.31 42.47 0.77±0.26 33.84 2.03±0.13 6.39
表儿茶素3-O-(3-O-甲基)
没食子酸酯
EGCG3"Me (mg·g-1)		 2.15±1.19 49.78 2.20±1.40 61.33 2.26±1.33 55.36 1.69±0.08 4.94 2.79±2.69 94.40
酯型儿茶素
Ester catechins* (mg·g-1)		 123.94±11.52
 9.26
 145.00±13.74
 9.47
 140.44±15.22
 10.84
 171.54±6.60
 3.85
 137.14±0.69
 0.50
非酯型儿茶素
Non-ester catechins (mg·g-1)		 20.66±5.23
 25.41
 25.78±7.38
 28.63
 24.10±6.72
 27.88
 19.79±3.19
 16.12
 45.86±1.10
 2.40
儿茶素总量
Total catechins* (mg·g-1)		 144.61±13.49 9.31 170.79±15.91 9.31 164.54±17.07 10.37 191.33±3.42 1.79 183.00±1.79 0.98

Fig. 6

Phylogenetic tree of 99 tea germplasms"

Fig. 7

PCA plot based on cluster analysis"

Fig. 8

Plot of cross-validation error results for different K values"

Fig. 9

Population genetic picture of 99 tea plant germplasm (K=3)"

Table 5

Population genetic analysis based on phylogenetic trees and PCA"

群体Group 统计值Statistical value 观测杂合度Ho 核苷酸多样性Pi 次要等位基因频率MAF Tajima D
类群I
GroupⅠ		 均值Mean 0.3593 0.3347 0.2438 1.4076
范围Scope 0.2722-0.4682 0.0217-0.5072 0.0109-0.4891 1.7320-4.1697
标准差Standard deviation 0.0366 0.1479 0.1398 1.0458
类群Ⅱ
GroupⅡ		 均值Mean 0.333 0.3567 0.2601 1.4692
范围Scope 0.2222-0.4575 0.0323-0.5128 0.0161-0.4839 1.6765-3.7968
标准差Standard deviation 0.0458 0.1384 0.1352 0.9778
类群Ⅲ
GroupⅢ		 均值Mean 0.3514 0.3612 0.2605 1.3231
范围Scope 0.2813-0.4039 0.0455-0.5185 0.0227-0.4773 1.9984-3.5123
标准差Standard deviation 0.0313 0.1395 0.1345 0.9295

Table 6

Affinities of different hybrid combinations"

亲本
Progenitor		 杂交组合Hybrid combination (♀×♂)
BXZ×HJC FD×HJC TGY×HJC BHZ×HJC AH×HJC AH×WLZ AH×YS AH×LJCY
HJC 0.212605 0.23019 0.293631 0.172983 0.236611 -0.28373 -0.21252 -0.27177
BXZ 0.015267 0.054041 -0.1455 -0.14531 -0.16359 -0.04902 0.029275 -0.06216
FD -0.04485 0.168739 -0.28169 -0.06509 -0.22244 -0.00501 -0.01567 -0.02824
TGY -0.17103 -0.18002 0.227238 -0.1377 -0.12389 0.051176 -0.00375 0.057699
BHZ -0.12608 -0.04959 -0.19383 0.196244 -0.15651 0.189376 0.128366 0.074549
AH -0.07723 -0.11747 -0.03005 -0.10445 0.122742 0.175107 0.100038 0.20454
WLZ -0.1396 -0.13541 -0.07616 -0.07392 -0.01897 0.308916 0.146261 0.222057
YS -0.09951 -0.06611 -0.12021 0.04361 -0.06821 0.081748 0.119565 0.066444
LJCY -0.16854 -0.16633 -0.10071 -0.10107 -0.0772 0.147376 0.069976 0.446203
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