Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (6): 1333-1347.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.06.014

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Hypoxia on Proliferation of Bovine Renal Cells and Mitochondrial Autophagy

GERIQIMUGE1(), PUBUZHANDUI2, XU Qing1(), HOU LingLing1()   

  1. 1 College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044
    2 Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lasa 850009
  • Received:2025-10-17 Accepted:2025-12-18 Online:2026-03-16 Published:2026-03-24
  • Contact: XU Qing, HOU LingLing

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Abstract:

【Background】 Hypoxia is a unique environmental stressor that widely influences the physiological functions of multiple systems, including respiratory, circulatory, urinary, and digestive systems, exerting varying degrees of impact at the individual, organ, and cellular levels. Severe hypoxia can cause tissue and organ damage and disease, involving morphological structure, metabolism, proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis at the cellular level. The kidney, a crucial component of the urinary system essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating water-electrolyte and acid-base balance, and eliminating metabolic waste, is sensitive to hypoxia. Currently, the effects of hypoxia on bovine kidney cells and their underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. 【Objective】 This study employed the Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line as a cellular model to investigate the effects of varying hypoxic concentrations (11% O2, 5% O2, and 1% O2) and treatment durations (24, 48, and 72 h) on the proliferative capacity, ultrastructure, mitochondrial function, and hypoxic stress response of bovine kidney cells, in order to provide experimental evidence for further exploration of the hypoxic adaptation mechanisms in bovine kidney and a foundation for understanding cellular survival strategies and the regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy under hypoxic conditions. 【Method】 Different cells and organelles experience distinct oxygen partial pressures. Under normoxic conditions, atmospheric oxygen partial pressure was 159.22 mmHg (20.95%), arterial oxygen partial pressure was 100 mmHg (13%), venous oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) was 40 mmHg (5.2%), and mitochondrial oxygen partial pressure ranges from 4-20 mmHg (0.52%-2.60%). Based on this, 11% O2, 5% O2, and 1% O2 were selected as hypoxic treatment conditions. MDBK cells were seeded in DMEM complete medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and cultured at 37 ℃ with 5% CO2 until reaching the logarithmic growth phase. Cells were then transferred to a tri-gas incubator and cultured under 11% O2, 5% O2, and 1% O2 for 24, 48, and 72 h. The effects of hypoxia on bovine kidney cell proliferation were assessed by MTT assay. Ultrastructural changes in MDBK cells under hypoxic conditions were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured using the JC-1 fluorescent probe method. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was detected by the DCFH-DA fluorescent probe method. The expression of hypoxia-related and autophagy-related genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. 【Result】 Cell proliferation was significantly inhibited with decreasing oxygen concentration and prolonged treatment time, with more pronounced inhibition at lower oxygen concentrations and longer durations. Hypoxia caused mitochondrial structural damage and functional impairment, manifested as mitochondrial swelling, disorganized or absent cristae, a significant reduction in mitochondrial number, condensation of some mitochondria, and the presence of mitochondria enveloped by membranous structures indicative of mitophagy. Concurrently, mitochondrial membrane potential decreased significantly, but intracellular ROS levels increased markedly. The expression of hypoxia-related genes EPAS1 and PPARα was significantly upregulated, while the expression levels of mitophagy- related genes PINK1, PRKN, BNIP3, and BNIP3L (NIX) were significantly elevated. 【Conclusion】 This study demonstrated that treatment with 5% and 1% oxygen concentrations significantly inhibited the proliferative activity of bovine kidney cells, causing mitochondrial structural damage and dysfunction, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased ROS production. In response to hypoxic stress, bovine kidney cells activate mitophagy to eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and maintaining intracellular homeostasis.

Key words: hypoxia, bovine renal cells, proliferation, mitophagy, oxidative stress

Table 1

Cell seeding density"

10 cm皿
10 cm dish (cells/dish)		 3.5 cm皿
3.5 cm dish (cells/dish)		 6孔板
6-well plate (cells/well)		 24孔板
24-well plate (cells/well)		 96孔板
96-well plate (cells/well)
24 h 3×106 4.8×105 7.2×105 / 7×103
48 h 2×106 2.8×105 3.6×105 / 5×103
72 h 1.3×106 1.6×105 1.8×105 4×104 3×103

Table 2

RT-qPCR reaction system"

成分
Component		 使用量
Volume (μL)
2 × FastFire qPCR PreMix 5
正向引物（10 μmol·L-1）Primer-Forward（10μmol·L-1） 0.3
反向引物（10μmol·L-1）Primer-Reverse（10μmol·L-1） 0.3
cDNA模板 cDNA template 1
RNase-Free H2O 3.4
合计 Total 10

Table 3

RT-qPCR reaction conditions"

温度
Temperature (℃)		 时间
Time		 循环数
Cycle number
95 1 min 1
95 5 s /
60 30 s 40

Table 4

Primers for RT-qPCR"

基因 Gene 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'→3') 产物大小 Product size (bp) 退火温度 Annealing temperature ( ℃)
EPAS1 F：AAGACATGTCCACAGAGCGG
R：TGTCGTCGCAGTAGGTGAAC		 300 57.60
57.40
PPARα F：GCGGCCCCAGGTGGT
R：GATGCTGGATGACTCCTCGG		 237 63.60
58.20
LC3B F：CCGACTTATCCGAGAGCAGC
R：TGAGCTGTAAGCGCCTTCTT		 277 59.69
60.55
BNIP3 F：GAAGAACAGCTCCCAGTCCGA
R：CCGACTGGACCAATCCCAA		 103 61.77
59.32
NIX F：ACTTAGAACAGCCGCCG
R：CCACCCAGGAACTGTTGAGG		 97 55.40
58.70
PINK1 F：TGTGGAACATCTCGGCAGG
R：GGACCTCCCTTGGGTCTTCT		 133 59.70
60.55
PRKN F：CAGTGGCCATGATAGAACCTGA
R：CAGAATCGACCTCCACTGGG		 187 59.83
59.82
MFN1 F：AGACAGTTAATCAGCTGGCCC
R：ATCTGTGCCCGGACTGTCTA		 140 52.38
55.00
18sRNA F：GTAACCCGTTGAACCCCATT
R：CCATCCAATCGGTAGTAGCG		 152 58.09
57.93

Table 5

Reagents for separate and concentrate gel"

试剂 Reagent 15% 分离胶 15% resolving gel (mL) 5% 浓缩胶 5% stacking gel (mL)
H2O 2.3 5.5
30% 丙烯酰胺溶液 30% Acr-Bis 5.0 1.3
Tris-HCl 2.5（pH 8.8，1.5 mol·L-1） 1.0（pH 6.8，1.5 mol·L-1）
10% 十二烷基硫酸钠 10% SDS 0.1 0.08
10% 过硫酸铵 10% APS 0.1 0.08
四甲基乙二胺 TEMED 0.004 0.008
总计 Total 10.0 8.0

Fig. 1

Effects of different oxygen concentrations on MDBK cells morphology"

Fig. 2

Effects of different oxygen concentrations and culture time in MDBK cells viability by MTT assay A-C: The MTT assay was employed to assess the changes in the proliferation vitality in MDBK cells under various oxygen concentrations (21% O2, 11% O2, 5% O2, and 1% O2) and treatment durations (24, 48, and 72 h). Asterisks denote statistically significant differences compared to the control group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns indicates no significant difference)；D: The proliferation inhibition rate represents the degree of proliferation inhibition in MDBK cells after treatment under 1% O2 concentration for 24, 48, and 72 h"

Fig. 3

Effects of 5% and 1% hypoxia in MDBK cells ultrastructure The number of mitochondria is decreased, mitochondrial condensation (green arrow) and mitophagy (red arrow) are observed"

Fig. 4

Detection of ROS production in MDBK cells using fluorescent probes"

Fig. 5

JC-1 Staining analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential changes in MDBK cells under normoxia and hypoxia Green fluorescence: JC-1 monomers, Mitochondrial damage; Red fluorescence: JC-1 aggregates, Normal mitochondria"

Fig. 6

Impact of hypoxia on the expression of hypoxia-related genes in MDBK cells A-F: The relative mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-related genes EPAS1 and PPARα in MDBK cells under different oxygen concentrations (21% O2, 11% O2, 5% O2, 1% O2) and treatment durations (24, 48, 72 h) were measured via RT - qPCR"

Fig. 7

Impact of hypoxia on the expression of autophagy marker genes in MDBK cells A-L: The relative mRNA expression levels of autophagy marker genes LC3B、PINK1、PRKN、BNIP3、NIX and MFN1 in MDBK cells under different oxygen concentrations (21% O2, 5% O2, 1% O2) and treatment durations (24, 48, 72 h)。M: After treatment with 1% O2 for 72 h, the protein levels of HIF-1α, PINK1, and BNIP3 were detected"

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