玉米苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）家族基因分析及ZmPAL5的功能研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.001

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Mining the key drought-resistant genes of maize, revealing its drought-resistant molecular mechanism, and providing genetic resources and theoretical guidance for the cultivation of new drought-resistant maize varieties.【Method】Transcriptome data combined with weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) and screening methods for physiological and biochemical indicators of drought resistance were used to identify ZmPAL genes associated with drought resistance and rewatering. Genome-wide analysis of the genes encoding PAL was performed using bioinformatics methods. Quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of ZmPAL genes under drought treatment conditions, as well as the expression characteristics of ZmPAL5 among different inbred lines and the expression patterns in different tissues. Finally, genetic transformation was used to analyze the drought resistance function of ZmPAL5 in maize, and the deletion-type Arabidopsis mutant was analyzed for drought resistance with the help of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the PAL5 homologous gene.【Result】Nineteen maize ZmPAL genes were identified, six of which were clustered on chromosome 5 and encoded proteins that were mostly hydrophilic acidic proteins and relatively evolutionarily conserved in the PAL family of genes. The promoter region of ZmPAL genes contained a large number of cis-acting elements associated with hormonal and abiotic stress responses. Six core genes were identified, four of which were significantly up-regulated for expression after drought treatment. In particular, ZmPAL5 showed an 8.57-fold increase in expression after drought stress. The expression level of ZmPAL5 was found to be significantly higher in the drought-resistant inbred line Zheng 8713 than in the drought-sensitive inbred line B73 under both drought stress and rewatering treatments. Meanwhile, ZmPAL5, a constitutively expressed gene, showed a high level of expression in young stems. Overexpressed ZmPAL5 maize grew well under drought stress, and its relative water content, lignin, chlorophyll, soluble protein, proline content, and activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were 1.52, 1.49, 1.47, 1.43, 1.44, 1.41, 1.53, 1.41, and 1.35 times, but the malondialdehyde content was 0.65 times that of the wild type. The PAL5-deficient Arabidopsis mutant was sensitive to drought. Under drought stress, its physiological and biochemical indexes showed the opposite trend to those of overexpression of ZmPAL5 maize. 【Conclusion】 Six core genes (ZmPAL3, ZmPAL5, ZmPAL6, ZmPAL8, ZmPAL11, and ZmPAL13) were screened in response to drought stress, in which the expression of ZmPAL5 was positively correlated with drought resistance. ZmPAL5 positively regulated the drought resistance and resilience of the plant by influencing the content of osmotically regulated substances and antioxidant enzyme activities.

Key words: maize, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, ZmPAL5, drought resistance, physiology and biochemistry

CAO LiRu, YE FeiYu, KU LiXia, MA ChenChen, PANG YunYun, LIANG XiaoHan, ZHANG Xin, LU XiaoMin. Analysis of Maize Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) Family Genes and Functional Study of ZmPAL5[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(12): 2265-2281.

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Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Analysis of physicochemical properties and prediction of subcellular localization of ZmPAL protein in maize"

基因名称 Gene name	基因ID Gene ID	物理位置 Location (bp)	长度 Length (aa)	分子量 Molecular weight (kDa)	等电点 pI	亲水性系数 Grand average of hydropathicity	亚细胞定位预测 Prediction of subcellular localization
ZmPAL1	Zm00001d029015	Chr.1:54941440-54943661	398	43.19	6.52	-0.033	细胞质，叶绿体 Cytoplasmic, Chloroplast
ZmPAL2	Zm00001d029648	Chr.1:81308232-81312047	848	95.13	5.82	-0.293	叶绿体Chloroplast
ZmPAL3	Zm00001d031071	Chr.1:175969709-175971563	386	43.31	9.05	-0.214	叶绿体，线粒体 Chloroplast, Mitochondrial
ZmPAL4	Zm00001d033286	Chr.1:257622515-257624760	698	75.66	5.85	-0.04	质膜Plasma membrane
ZmPAL5	Zm00001d003015	Chr.2:29467931-29470598	715	76.78	5.63	-0.079	叶绿体，质膜，内质网 Chloroplast, Plasma membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum
ZmPAL6	Zm00001d003016	Chr.2:29538173-29541434	884	96.71	5.99	-0.195	质膜，叶绿体，线粒体 Plasma membrane, Chloroplast, Mitochondrial
ZmPAL7	Zm00001d048874	Chr.4:6825874-6829872	778	87.89	5.30	-0.296	细胞质Cytoplasmic
ZmPAL8	Zm00001d051161	Chr.4:146706971-146710589	557	60.43	6.02	-0.055	叶绿体Chloroplast
ZmPAL9	Zm00001d051163	Chr.4:146793740-146798809	718	77.43	6.12	-0.121	叶绿体，内质网 Chloroplast, Endoplasmic reticulum
ZmPAL10	Zm00001d051166	Chr.4:146846109-146848259	775	84.54	5.37	-0.163	叶绿体，质膜，细胞核 Chloroplast, Plasma membrane, Nuclear
ZmPAL11	Zm00001d013534	Chr.5:13763873-13782041	187	20.48	7.64	-0.441	叶绿体，线粒体 Chloroplast, Mitochondrial
ZmPAL12	Zm00001d017274	Chr.5:191418711-191422345	703	75.46	5.96	-0.069	叶绿体，质膜，内质网 Chloroplast, Plasma membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum
ZmPAL13	Zm00001d017275	Chr.5:191467430-191471500	719	77.4	6.20	-0.100	叶绿体，内质网 Chloroplast, Endoplasmic reticulum
ZmPAL14	Zm00001d017276	Chr.5:191474696-191476810	704	75.84	5.89	-0.066	叶绿体，内质网，细胞核 Chloroplast, Endoplasmic reticulum, Nuclear
ZmPAL15	Zm00001d017279	Chr.5:191539072-191541219	715	76.93	5.89	-0.083	叶绿体，质膜，细胞核 Chloroplast, Plasma membrane, Nuclear
ZmPAL16	Zm00001d017617	Chr.5:201803815-201807716	87	9.29	5.25	-0.266	叶绿体Chloroplast
ZmPAL17	Zm00001d021368	Chr.7:150079651-150084317	321	36.34	9.51	-0.302	叶绿体Chloroplast
ZmPAL18	Zm00001d023655	Chr.10:13756073-13759615	366	40.32	9.02	0.296	叶绿体，质膜，液泡 Chloroplast, Plasma membrane, Vacuolar
ZmPAL19	Zm00001d024512	Chr.10:75069687-75075183	727	81.54	5.32	-0.227	细胞核Nuclear

Table 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

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引物名称Primer name	引物序列Primer sequence (5′-3′)	用途Purpose
ZmPAL3-F	TCGGATTCACTGGCTTGCTG	检测基因在干旱胁迫下的表达量 Detection of gene expression under drought stress
ZmPAL3-R	GAGGATTGGACCGAAGTGGTA
ZmPAL5-F	ATGAACGGCACCGACAGCTA
ZmPAL5-R	CAGGGTGTTGATGCGGACGA
ZmPAL6-F	AGTGCTAGTGCTGCTACCCT
ZmPAL6-R	TGTGATGATGCTGATGCGGT
ZmPAL8-F	TCACCGTGTTCTTGACGGAG
ZmPAL8-R	TCCTCAAGCTCATGTCGTCC
ZmPAL11-F	TGGCCCTCGTGCAAAGTATC
ZmPAL11-R	TTGGTTTCCCATCTGGCGAT
ZmPAL13-F	ACGCGCCAGCATTGAGGAA
ZmPAL13-R	TGATGAACGGCACCGACAG
18S-F	CCTGCGGCTTAATTGACTC	内参基因Reference gene
18S-R	GTTAGCAGGCTGAGGTCTGG	内参基因Reference gene
ZmPAL5-WMV013-BamHI-F	AGGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCATGGAGTGCGAGAACGGACA	构建玉米ZmPAL5过表达载体 Construction of maize ZmPAL5 overexpression vector
ZmPAL5-WMV013-SmaI-R	TCTTTGTAGTCCATCCCGGGGCCTCCACCCCCGCCACCGCAGATGGGCAGGGGCTCAC
AT3G10340-PKI1.1R-F	ATTGGACAGTTATGGAGTTACCAC	构建拟南芥CRISPR/Cas9敲除载体及菌落验证 Construction of an Arabidopsis CRISPR/Cas9 knockout vector and colony validation
AT3G10340-PKI1.1R-R	AAACGTGGTAACTCCATAACTGTC
U6.26-F	TGTCCCAGGATTAGAATGATTAGGC

Analysis of Maize Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) Family Genes and Functional Study of ZmPAL5

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[2]	ZHOU Quan, LU QiuMei, ZHAO ZhangChen, WU ChenRan, FU XiaoGe, ZHAO YuJiao, HAN Yong, LIN HuaiLong, CHEN WeiLin, MOU LiMing, LI XingMao, WANG ChangHai, HU YinGang, CHEN Liang. Identification of Drought Resistance of 244 Spring Wheat Varieties at Seedling Stage [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(9): 1646-1657.
[3]	YAN Wen, JIN XiuLiang, LI Long, XU ZiHan, SU Yue, ZHANG YueQiang, JING RuiLian, MAO XinGuo, SUN DaiZhen. Drought Resistance Evaluation of Synthetic Wheat at Grain Filling Using UAV-Based Multi-Source Imagery Data [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(9): 1674-1686.
[4]	FAN Hong, YIN Wen, HU FaLong, FAN ZhiLong, ZHAO Cai, YU AiZhong, HE Wei, SUN YaLi, WANG Feng, CHAI Qiang. Compensation Potential of Dense Planting on Nitrogen Reduction in Maize Yield in Oasis Irrigation Area [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(9): 1709-1721.
[5]	WANG ChengZe, ZHANG Yan, FU Wei, JIA JingZhe, DONG JinGao, SHEN Shen, HAO ZhiMin. Bioinformatics and Expression Pattern Analysis of Maize ACO Gene Family [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(7): 1308-1318.
[6]	NI ShuHui, SHI DongMei, PAN LiDong, YE Qing, WU JunHao. Response of Cultivated-Layer Water-Holding and Drought Resistance Performance and Productivity to Erosion Degree in Purple Soil Sloping Farmland [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(7): 1350-1362.
[7]	GAO ChenXi, HAO LuYang, HU Yue, LI YongXiang, ZHANG DengFeng, LI ChunHui, SONG YanChun, SHI YunSu, WANG TianYu, LI Yu, LIU XuYang. Analysis of Transposable Element Associated Epigenetic Regulation under Drought in Maize [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(6): 1034-1048.
[8]	ZHAO KaiNan, DING Hao, LIU AKang, JIANG ZongHao, CHEN GuangZhou, FENG Bo, WANG ZongShuai, LI HuaWei, SI JiSheng, ZHANG Bin, BI XiangJun, LI Yong, LI ShengDong, WANG FaHong. Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Postponing for Improving Plant Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics to Increase Wheat- Maize and Annual Yield and Economic Return [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(5): 868-884.
[9]	WANG Yu, ZHANG YuPeng, ZHU GuanYa, LIAO HangXi, HOU WenFeng, GAO Qiang, WANG Yin. Effects of Localized Nitrogen Supply on Plant Growth and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Maize Seedling Under Drought Stress [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(5): 919-934.
[10]	GAO ShangJie, LIU XingRen, LI YingChun, LIU XiaoWan. Effects of Biochar and Straw Return on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential in the Farmland [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(5): 935-949.
[11]	LI QianChuan, XU ShiWei, ZHANG YongEn, ZHUANG JiaYu, LI DengHua, LIU BaoHua, ZHU ZhiXun, LIU Hao. Stacking Ensemble Learning Modeling and Forecasting of Maize Yield Based on Meteorological Factors [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(4): 679-697.
[12]	CAO WenZhuo, YU ZhenWen, ZHANG YongLi, ZHANG Zhen, SHI Yu, WANG YongJun. The Difference of Grain Starch Accumulation Dynamics and Yield Formation of Spring Maize Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates in Black Soil [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(22): 4431-4443.
[13]	DONG KuiJun, ZHANG YiTao, LIU HanWen, ZHANG JiZong, WANG WeiJun, WEN YanChen, LEI QiuLiang, WEN HongDa. Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Application of Summer Maize- Soybean Intercropping on Agronomic Traits and Economic Benefits as well as Its Yield of Subsequent Wheat [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(22): 4495-4506.
[14]	HAN XuDong, YANG ChuanQi, ZHANG Qing, LI YaWei, YANG XiaXia, HE JiaTian, XUE JiQuan, ZHANG XingHua, XU ShuTu, LIU JianChao. QTL Mapping and Candidate Gene Screening for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Maize [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(21): 4175-4191.
[15]	GUO Ya, REN Hao, WANG HongZhang, ZHANG JiWang, ZHAO Bin, REN BaiZhao, LIU Peng. High Temperature and Drought Combined Stress Inhibited Photosystem Ⅱ Performance and Decreased Grain Yield of Summer Maize [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(21): 4205-4220.