植物miRNA的生物学特性及在环境胁迫中的作用

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.19.001

Abstract

Abstract: MicroRNA (miRNA) is an extensive class of non-coding and small molecular RNA with length about 21 nt. It is encoded by the endogenous gene and transcribed by RNA polymerase II and the precursor miRNA is processed into mature miRNA by Dicer-Like and a series of the protein complexes. miRNA mainly regulates its targets at the level of post-transcription mediated degradation of target mRNA or translation inhibition. miRNA is an important regulator of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Lin-4 is the first animal miRNA discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). It is essential for the growth and development of C. elegans by negative controlling the expression level of target gene lin-14 with partial complementarity to lin-14 mRNA in the 3′untranslated region (UTR), causing the degradation of lin-14 gene and thus inhibiting the expression of lin-14 gene. Arabidopsis miR171 is discovered as the first miRNA in plant, which targets mRNA of Scarecrow-like (SCL) family, and thus miR171 can affect plant growth and development by negative regulating target gene expression. Plant partial miRNAs (from miR156 to miR408) are relatively conserved among different species and other miRNAs after miR408 are species-specific. Plants will encounter all kinds of unpredictably environmental stresses (salinity, drought, heavy metal, pest and pathogen infection), because of plant sessile growth, no moving to avoid the adversely environmental effects like animals. Therefore, it is necessary for plants to cope with these stresses with their special mechanisms. Actually, plants grown chronically in the stressed environments have evolved highly complicated and delicate physiological and molecular mechanisms. Studies have showed that miRNA and its target genes are the main regulatory factors in response to various stresses. miRNAs play important roles in regulating the expression of endogenous resistance genes by involving in plant growth and development, signal transduction, protein degradation, nutrient deficiency, preventing pathogen invasion and adapting to high salt- and drought-stressed environments as well. So far, lots of miRNAs are identified and have significantly differential expression by next-generation deep sequencing, advanced bioinformatics and real-time quantitative PCR technologies in response to environmental stresses; and the plants show the resistant or sensitive phenotypes by microRNA-based transformation. The different members of miRNA family responding to environmental stresses are also taken on being species-specific. It is well-known that China’s Xinjiang is a kind of typical continental arid climate with a low annual rainfall and more acid areas. In such harsh environments, some extremely salt- and drought-tolerant halophytes and xerophytes can still survive healthy and strong. It is very essential to study deeply how plant miRNAs play regulatory roles in coping with environmental stresses. This paper mainly summarizes plant miRNA biosynthesis, the modes of actions with target genes and research status of some miRNAs involving in the abiotic and biotic stresses. Some prospects are expected by microRNA-based biotechnology.

Key words: plant microRNAs, biosynthesis, mechanism, environmental stresses

ZENG You-ling, YANG Rui-rui. Biological Characteristics of Plant MicroRNAs and Actions in Environmental Stresses[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(19): 3671-3682.

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