基于花青素苷合成和呈色机理的观赏植物花色改良分子育种

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.03.011

Abstract

Abstract: Flower color, one of the most important quality traits for ornamental plants, is of great adaptive significance during the natural evolution process of plants. Moreover, flower color is also an important content for epigenetic researches. Anthocyanins, the most important pigments for flower coloration, designate the flower colors of approximately 80% plant families in angiosperm. Up to date, more than 400 anthocyanins have been isolated and identified from the natural world, which are mainly derived from six anthocyanidins. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins has been well studied, which starts from the flavonoid metabolic pathway. Different branch pathways result in the diversity of anthocyanins, mainly due to the differences of substituent groups that are located on the basic skeleton of various anthocyanidins. During the biosynthetic process of anthocyanins, the competition forces of enzymes which are located on the branch nodes and the substrate specificity of some key enzymes result in the genus and species specificity of anthocyanins and the corresponding flower color phenotypes. Anthocyanins are transferred to vacuole and are packaged as chromatophore after being biosynthesized. The accumulation and conserve abilities on the chromatophore of vacuole affect the coloration of anthocyanins to a large extent. Therefore, many intracellular factors, such as the pH value of vacuole, the content of co-pigments and the complexation of metal ion, jointly affect the final coloration of anthocyanins in the petals. At present, some structural and regulatory genes that are related to the anthocyanins biosynthesis and coloration have been isolated, whose functions also have been well revealed. Based on these genes, some transgenic flowers have been successfully bred out. However, the mechanisms of gene regulating expression, including the regulation mechanisms on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and the differences of DNA sequences and the DNA methylation, still remain elusive. Moreover, the present modifications on the flower colors are still very limited. Therefore, how to apply these mechanisms on the transgenic breeding of flower color modification is a frontier topic. Revealing the organ coloration mechanisms based on anthocyanins in horticultural crops is conducive to the understanding of coloration mechanisms of flowers; studies on the mechanisms of flower color in ornamental plants is of important reference value for the reveal of the organ coloration mechanisms in horticultural crops. Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed the mechanisms of flower coloration in ornamental plants from three aspects, including the mechanisms of the branch pathways generation, the genetic regulation mechanisms of anthocyanins biosynthetic pathway, and the main factors affecting the anthocyanins coloration and the corresponding genetic regulation mechanisms. Finally, we summarized the successes of molecular design breeding on flower color modification based on these mechanisms, especially the international-concerned molecular breeding for blue flowers, aiming at providing references for the directive breeding of ornamental plants with novel flower colors.

Key words: ornamental plant, anthocyanin, biosynthesis, coloration mechanism, genetic regulation, molecular breeding

DAI Si-lan, HONG Yan. Molecular Breeding for Flower Colors Modification on Ornamental Plants Based on the Mechanism of Anthocyanins Biosynthesis and Coloration[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(3): 529-542.

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Wang L, Dai S L, Jin X H, Huang H, Hong Y. Advances in plant anthocyanin transport mechanism. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2014, 30(6): 848-863. (in Chinese)

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Molecular Breeding for Flower Colors Modification on Ornamental Plants Based on the Mechanism of Anthocyanins Biosynthesis and Coloration

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